tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32762597682779423442024-03-13T01:23:26.868-07:00Pakistan Visiting PlasesJAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.comBlogger68125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-39520633937027947242011-07-02T09:48:00.000-07:002011-07-02T09:48:22.560-07:00Karachi Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Karachi</h1><b>Karachi</b> (<span class="unicode" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_pronunciation.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/Karachi_pronunciation.ogg" title="Karachi pronunciation.ogg">Karācī</a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor: help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Karachi pronunciation.ogg"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur"><span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">کراچی</span></span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd">ڪراچي</span>) is the largest city, main <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport" title="Seaport">seaport</a> and the main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, as well as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of capitals in Pakistan">capital</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">province</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. With an estimated population of 13 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UNWUP13million_3-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-UNWUP13million-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> to 15 million,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-citymayors1_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-citymayors1-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> it is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-citymayors1_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-citymayors1-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> and the 10th largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-citymayors2_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-citymayors2-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>, fashion, advertising, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>. The city is a major hub of higher education in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the wider <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>.<br />
Karachi is ranked as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Beta world city</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> It was the original capital of Pakistan until the construction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> and is the location of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Port of Karachi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Bin Qasim</a>, two of the region's largest and busiest ports. After the independence of Pakistan, the city population increased dramatically when hundreds of thousands of Urdu-speaking migrants or Muhajirs from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other parts of South Asia came to settle in Karachi.<br />
The city is located in the south of the country, along the coastline meeting the Arabian Sea; it is spread over 3,527 km<sup>2</sup> (1,362 sq mi) in area, almost four times bigger than Hong Kong. It is locally known as the "City of Lights" (<span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">روشنیوں کا شہر</span>) and "The bride of the cities" (<span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">عروس البلاد</span>) for its liveliness, and the "City of the Quaid" (<span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">شہرِ قائد</span>), having been the birth and burial place of Quaid-e-Azam (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>), the founder of Pakistan, who made the city his home after Pakistan's independence from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> on 14 August 1947.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Nv1ANNGxoWu6TT4yOU_l4bH2Z0Wfgbls5ZEZlPQyQOlwcZAonONzdzsdmwPQRmHGl-9LmkbhRYcxoUQnYN7Wx1Ru0-FM9fzlmKnOVDUu0HfPWjSfNU4Z-Pj9y9yP6ezjthEiqYDs8Mmy/s1600/Karachi+-+Karachi+Waterfront+-+Render.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Nv1ANNGxoWu6TT4yOU_l4bH2Z0Wfgbls5ZEZlPQyQOlwcZAonONzdzsdmwPQRmHGl-9LmkbhRYcxoUQnYN7Wx1Ru0-FM9fzlmKnOVDUu0HfPWjSfNU4Z-Pj9y9yP6ezjthEiqYDs8Mmy/s1600/Karachi+-+Karachi+Waterfront+-+Render.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagb-Qk3cDLux-Hdwpq74u0sUzBNdkf4iemmE8WhqFqlXOy8m2Ak-i4Ply-CCnEURGIT4YB1gho_CzE_h2lPDOxNTtsy_XGVgcJdsxcgX80xWA0tLZcL65P0g-hzqywA5po9hxEdOhE2qA/s1600/karachi-+city+nearst+sea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgagb-Qk3cDLux-Hdwpq74u0sUzBNdkf4iemmE8WhqFqlXOy8m2Ak-i4Ply-CCnEURGIT4YB1gho_CzE_h2lPDOxNTtsy_XGVgcJdsxcgX80xWA0tLZcL65P0g-hzqywA5po9hxEdOhE2qA/s320/karachi-+city+nearst+sea.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span></h3>The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokola" title="Krokola">Krokola</a>, the place where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> camped to prepare a fleet for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> after his campaign in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>; 'Morontobara' (probably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manora" title="Manora">Manora</a> island near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Karachi harbour</a>), from whence Alexander's admiral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> set sail; and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a>, a port of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> kingdom. It was later known to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab">Arabs</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debal" title="Debal">Debal</a> from where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a> led his conquering force into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> in 712 AD<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Karachi was founded as "Kolachi" by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> tribes from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_%28region%29" title="Balochistan (region)">Balochistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a>, who established a small fishing community in the area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Descendants of the original community still live in the area on the small island of Abdullah Goth, which is located near the Karachi Port. The original name "Kolachi" survives in the name of a well-known Karachi locality named "Mai Kolachi" in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghazi_Beg" title="Mirza Ghazi Beg">Mirza Ghazi Beg</a>, the Mughal administrator of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, is among the first historical figures credited for the development of Coastal Sindh (consisting of regions such as the Makran Coast and the Mehran Delta), including the cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhambore" title="Bhambore">Bhambore</a> and Karachi.<br />
During the rule of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> administrator of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghazi_Beg" title="Mirza Ghazi Beg">Mirza Ghazi Beg</a> the city was well fortified against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> colonial incursions in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. During the reign of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhora_Dynasty" title="Kalhora Dynasty">Kalhora Dynasty</a> the present city started life as a fishing settlement when a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochi</a> fisher-woman called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Kolachi" title="Mai Kolachi">Mai Kolachi</a> took up residence and started a family. The city was an integral part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpur dynasty</a> in 1720.<br />
The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as <i>Kolachi-jo-Goth</i> (Village of Kolachi in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>). By the late 1720s, the village was trading across the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region. The local <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> populace built a small fort was constructed for the protection of the city, armed with cannons imported by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a> sailors from Muscat, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Kharra Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharadar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kharadar (page does not exist)">Kharadar</a>) and the other facing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyari_River" title="Lyari River">Lyari River</a> known as the Meet'ha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate) (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithadar" title="Mithadar">Mithadar</a>). The location of these gates correspond to the modern areas of Kharadar (<span class="Unicode"><i>Khārā Dar</i></span>) and Mithadar (<span class="Unicode"><i>Mīṭhā Dar</i></span>).<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmVqx01ZnFeFuJXnYZ03bjAORMCaAlZPTWGJQp63EyEWPMOUaoxignBjINjEoqbcnFNjeZsxW9DWh2OxtU5jTtPgvqPfTSfO-4MzFmRxmm2gXCiyFpflIhEE-Lw1jDhHIxD0QF-B9I7kgN/s1600/sky-view-of-karachi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmVqx01ZnFeFuJXnYZ03bjAORMCaAlZPTWGJQp63EyEWPMOUaoxignBjINjEoqbcnFNjeZsxW9DWh2OxtU5jTtPgvqPfTSfO-4MzFmRxmm2gXCiyFpflIhEE-Lw1jDhHIxD0QF-B9I7kgN/s320/sky-view-of-karachi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVABm2tGFRCucfcT2y5bnsT749YXQ7UAfF8J_sDJMU0JoK16tKFUHu0ajbxmCxwtcxwLNEFYhwZUR_ReGpD_VeLlcanl2yAZXTh_0TLTnHOXO5R6XsFmZsLQ30Xz_Zou9dIG9bEuQjM1m/s1600/the+karachi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxVABm2tGFRCucfcT2y5bnsT749YXQ7UAfF8J_sDJMU0JoK16tKFUHu0ajbxmCxwtcxwLNEFYhwZUR_ReGpD_VeLlcanl2yAZXTh_0TLTnHOXO5R6XsFmZsLQ30Xz_Zou9dIG9bEuQjM1m/s320/the+karachi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2>In 2008-09, the city's literacy rate was estimated at 77%, the 4th highest in the country, after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_enrollment_ratio" title="Gross enrollment ratio">gross enrollment ratio</a> of 111%, the highest in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Education in Karachi is divided into five levels: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> (grades one through five); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a> (grades six through eight); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">high</a> (grades nine and ten, leading to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate" title="Secondary School Certificate">Secondary School Certificate</a>); <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">intermediate</a> (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">graduate</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school" title="Graduate school">advanced</a> degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based, from primary to university level.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Grammar_School" title="Karachi Grammar School">Karachi Grammar School</a> is the oldest school in Pakistan and has educated many Pakistani businessmen and politicians. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Jagannath_High_School" title="Narayan Jagannath High School">Narayan Jagannath High School</a> in Karachi, which opened in 1855, was the first government school established in Sindh. Other well-known schools include the Hamdard Public School, Education Bay [EBay] school located in karachi (for higher education) Army Public School (C.O.D.), White House Grammar School, CAA Model School, Beacon Askari School & College, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_School" title="British Overseas School">British Overseas School</a>, L'ecole for Advanced Studies, Generation's school, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CAS_School,_Karachi" title="The CAS School, Karachi">CAS School</a>, Bay View, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_American_School" title="Karachi American School">Karachi American School</a>, Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, the Froebel Education Centre (FEC), The Paradise School and College, Little Folks Secondary School, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Public_School" title="Habib Public School">Habib Public School</a>, Mama Parsi Girls Secondary School, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._S._Parsi_High_School" title="B. V. S. Parsi High School">B. V. S. Parsi High School</a>, Civilizations Public School, The Oasys School, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_School" title="Avicenna School">Avicenna School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lyceum_School" title="The Lyceum School">The Lyceum School</a>, Ladybird Grammar School, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_School_%28Pakistan%29" title="The City School (Pakistan)">The City School</a>, ABC Public School, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconhouse_School_System" title="Beaconhouse School System">Beaconhouse School System</a>, The Educators schools,<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Mohammed_Shah_Aga_Khan_School&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sultan Mohammed Shah Aga Khan School (page does not exist)">Sultan Mohammed Shah Aga Khan School</a> ,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahwilayat_Public_School" title="Shahwilayat Public School">Shahwilayat Public School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_High_School,_Karachi" title="St Patrick's High School, Karachi">St Patrick's High School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_English_High_School" title="St Paul's English High School">St Paul's English High School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Convent_School_%28Karachi%29" title="St Joseph's Convent School (Karachi)">St Joseph's Convent School</a>, St Jude's High School, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Convent_School" title="St Michael's Convent School">St Michael's Convent School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_Public_School" title="Foundation Public School">Foundation Public School</a>, and St Peter's High School.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg/220px-Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="National Academy of Performing Arts">National Academy of Performing Arts</a></div></div></div>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>, known as KU, is Pakistan's largest university, with a student population of 24,000 and one of the largest faculties in the world. It is located next to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NED_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="NED University of Engineering and Technology">NED University of Engineering and Technology</a>, the country's oldest engineering institute. In the private sector, The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Computer_and_Emerging_Sciences" title="National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences">National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences</a> (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Syed_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology">Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology</a> (SSUET) provides reputable training in biomedical engineering, civil engineering, electronics engineering, telecom engineering and computer engineering. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawood_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Dawood College of Engineering and Technology">Dawood College of Engineering and Technology</a>, which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in electronic engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, materials engineering and architecture. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Institute_of_Economics_%26_Technology" title="Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology">Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology</a> (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi and has been growing rapidly since its inception in 1997. The Plastics Technology Center (PTC), located in Karachi's Korangi Industrial Area, is at present Pakistan's only educational institution providing training in the field of polymer engineering and plastics testing services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Karachi" title="Institute of Business Administration, Karachi">Institute of Business Administration</a> (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology">Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology</a> (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, is located in Karachi, with its other campuses in Islamabad, Larkana and Dubai. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_Engineering_College" title="Pakistan Navy Engineering College">Pakistan Navy Engineering College</a> (PNEC) is a part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a> (NUST), offering a wide range of engineering programs, including electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdard_University" title="Hamdard University">Hamdard University</a> is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. It has got Asia's second largest library called 'BAIT UL HIKMA'. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_University_for_Women" title="Jinnah University for Women">Jinnah University for Women</a> is the first women university in Pakistan. Karachi is home of the head offices of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Pakistan" title="Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan">Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan</a> (ICAP) (established in 1961) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Cost_and_Management_Accountants_of_Pakistan" title="Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan">Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan</a> (ICMAP). Among the many other institutions providing business education are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Management" title="Institute of Business Management">Institute of Business Management</a> (IoBM), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZABIST" title="SZABIST">SZABIST</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqra_University" title="Iqra University">Iqra University</a> and the Institute of Business and Technology (Biztek). Leading medical schools of Pakistan like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Dow University of Health Sciences">Dow University of Health Sciences</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> are situated in Karachi. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLANWEL" title="PLANWEL">PLANWEL</a><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.planwel.edu/" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> is another innovative institution it is a CISCO Network Academy as well as iCBT center for ETS Prometric and Pearsons VUE. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahria_University" title="Bahria University">Bahria University</a> also has a purpose-built campus in Karachi. The College of Accounting and Management Sciences (CAMS) also has three branches in the city.Sindh Muslim Govt. Science College located at Saddar Town is the oldest college of Karachi.<br />
For religious education, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Uloom_ul_Islamia,_Banori_Town,_Karachi" title="Jamia Uloom ul Islamia, Banori Town, Karachi">Jamia Uloom ul Islamia</a> (one of the largest Islamic education centres of Asia), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Binoria" title="Jamia Binoria">Jamia Binoria</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul_%27Uloom_Karachi" title="Darul 'Uloom Karachi">Darul 'Uloom Karachi</a> are among the Islamic schools in Karachi.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxazsbq3LaF0NDRJWkEYrM3KAtT086cf_J5ttcZkzjyveIAq-hyF3VFaXCPqHxaD8geew22NWs-uGWqWxcO' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-66308723811057873272011-06-29T09:45:00.000-07:002011-06-29T09:45:43.889-07:00Satpara Lake Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Satpara Lake</h1><b>Satpara Lake</b> is an important lake in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu_Valley" title="Skardu Valley">Skardu Valley</a> which supplies water for the town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a>, which is located at 2,636 meters (8,650 ft). It is one of the most picturesque lakes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVLXPLqf0ffTjqXQ_s-dvIDHoNxSSulvUfn9vrmq8PTkAYh-Hwx6H3MgjHrYjbYRd7M_a6nQNmY1ofgbBP6IQ1kVv8ITe3LqXyM5TDT3ZzhkHqSlMsjfBn5pODtK4hj6dTIZIL-9onQbia/s1600/satpara-lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVLXPLqf0ffTjqXQ_s-dvIDHoNxSSulvUfn9vrmq8PTkAYh-Hwx6H3MgjHrYjbYRd7M_a6nQNmY1ofgbBP6IQ1kVv8ITe3LqXyM5TDT3ZzhkHqSlMsjfBn5pODtK4hj6dTIZIL-9onQbia/s320/satpara-lake.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4uHUe4AoJbjqvq6wYAw86DrsQIUKbhzp_YIVDQ6SudhyrLINOJvhIKvqOfTRws9OWx7TMNXe8bcJh_rv6jQSPUZS3xVCp3JFvUlGaIpz95Dgx6xEcnnHcPBIJTpVywVsiEA3R-GMpEEnr/s1600/satparan+boat+in+lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4uHUe4AoJbjqvq6wYAw86DrsQIUKbhzp_YIVDQ6SudhyrLINOJvhIKvqOfTRws9OWx7TMNXe8bcJh_rv6jQSPUZS3xVCp3JFvUlGaIpz95Dgx6xEcnnHcPBIJTpVywVsiEA3R-GMpEEnr/s320/satparan+boat+in+lake.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>In 2002, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dawn.com/2004/06/21/local26.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> The Government allocated Rs. 600 million ($10 million) for Satpara Dam project in 2004's financial year. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dawn.com/2004/06/21/local26.htm" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> The progress on the project, however, has been slow. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dawn.com/2006/03/22/top13.htm" rel="nofollow">[3]</a><br />
The elevation of Satpara lake is 8650 feet above sea level. The lake is spread over an area of 2.5 km². A story is attached with this lake by local people that there is gold mine in the bottom of this lake, that is why its water seems shining in the day time.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwR2rel8w9Ktgz92Ayu3Gm-Y_o7BM4P8sMaLV0I6zXaLkOI-BwXtC7JZkR-K4yApZdodDH4WlNg3JjCI_2cug' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-76724148133218824872011-06-25T09:04:00.000-07:002011-06-25T09:04:49.292-07:00Derawar Fort Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Derawar Fort</h1><b>Derawar Fort</b> is a large square fortress in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>. The forty bastions of Derawar are visible for many miles in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan Desert</a>. The walls have a circumference of 1500 metres and stand up to thirty metres high.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi31MUbYXWMW7Mbd1vmAFBEaQr6ESa4AjMXSRB7z479EAymavuQ1sWEZ2IQ3dOCw_7tKa3XhZGUqRlJyTrs_E6iAOEtX5FMaAV7oJBxsoofr1CPOjTCkJyD9P5pPyVUJC6UhS1SPqrzBwA6/s1600/derawar_fort%252C..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi31MUbYXWMW7Mbd1vmAFBEaQr6ESa4AjMXSRB7z479EAymavuQ1sWEZ2IQ3dOCw_7tKa3XhZGUqRlJyTrs_E6iAOEtX5FMaAV7oJBxsoofr1CPOjTCkJyD9P5pPyVUJC6UhS1SPqrzBwA6/s320/derawar_fort%252C..jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ns5zFOZLjemP4iyHCLUDy3-4H6ONN9J6EENojSbx1MjUCcNnrV6DLXzUvbo46qWNV_8EyofvlF1ChTUH1vQocaurxsVe9q2MFGV5InUZxa8G3dgabbBRUHi80LrnrT-y39ntZckcnpH-/s1600/Derawar+Fort+Pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ns5zFOZLjemP4iyHCLUDy3-4H6ONN9J6EENojSbx1MjUCcNnrV6DLXzUvbo46qWNV_8EyofvlF1ChTUH1vQocaurxsVe9q2MFGV5InUZxa8G3dgabbBRUHi80LrnrT-y39ntZckcnpH-/s320/Derawar+Fort+Pakistan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuJHeJr4rVUJq_D4bVXvwD2kfhPLuvk6g3xKVqCDjqm19KKQPa7WmyKd69wlyxVZkoRbgojwTQOd12VYtw7Qr_qGFQ8LT6G022A6x9hwK8-8pRSJMkverUEvWRUvfhvsNZq0f_DrCfucYA/s1600/Derawar+Fort+Pakistan+Wallpapers+%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuJHeJr4rVUJq_D4bVXvwD2kfhPLuvk6g3xKVqCDjqm19KKQPa7WmyKd69wlyxVZkoRbgojwTQOd12VYtw7Qr_qGFQ8LT6G022A6x9hwK8-8pRSJMkverUEvWRUvfhvsNZq0f_DrCfucYA/s320/Derawar+Fort+Pakistan+Wallpapers+%25284%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnqZHaJ23V1szP9r-tAyq7oTpVuCxvNv9vr70jnxnceBMjiASDnslrKcq3WxA84DrJr8wtWRgs08l52OQ6Kvepzdq1cBGilFzQJO3vAPTP3NvZT2yiKr_U8wgNxjlW15tEQX8fdq69g9te/s1600/derawar_fort.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnqZHaJ23V1szP9r-tAyq7oTpVuCxvNv9vr70jnxnceBMjiASDnslrKcq3WxA84DrJr8wtWRgs08l52OQ6Kvepzdq1cBGilFzQJO3vAPTP3NvZT2yiKr_U8wgNxjlW15tEQX8fdq69g9te/s320/derawar_fort.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicG2TZvIA9xESLIdGm3xrq73CFvXn6slNN5gsDJtB80A9aVpwJ9cY3iQn1A8Epk8qXZ_Ek4IM5JHV3eddRp49idIbaz9tfuDThc7B3EaquRX0PUEx93H3lmglwB4Q2mSJ5QNV6IOY0yg59/s1600/derawar_fort+wall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicG2TZvIA9xESLIdGm3xrq73CFvXn6slNN5gsDJtB80A9aVpwJ9cY3iQn1A8Epk8qXZ_Ek4IM5JHV3eddRp49idIbaz9tfuDThc7B3EaquRX0PUEx93H3lmglwB4Q2mSJ5QNV6IOY0yg59/s1600/derawar_fort+wall.jpg" /></a></div>The first fort on the site was built by Hindu Rajput, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawal_Jaisal" title="Rawal Jaisal">Rai Jajja Bhati</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a>. It remained in the hands of the royal family of Jaisalmer until captured and completely rebuilt by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_%28princely_state%29" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">nawabs of Bahawalpur</a> in 1733. In 1747, the fort slipped from the hands of the Abbasis owing to <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahawal_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bahawal Khan (page does not exist)">Bahawal Khan</a>'s preoccupations at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikarpur,_Pakistan" title="Shikarpur, Pakistan">Shikarpur</a>. Nawab <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak_Khan" title="Mubarak Khan">Mubarak Khan</a> took the stronghold back in 1804.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfuACVfNIFPoMMaJEPBsgX84EO2bt6fHhI7KRETFBPGdCScE0Ax6TFt4DbeY7bIZ3S4aMLBpQbBJOwzMNvGSpUcqcrs_dA2NufrmdZicpYSZmr9avAEzW3unoU6XIyyBaBOTz8mLQ8ZxHt/s1600/fort+gate+for+enter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfuACVfNIFPoMMaJEPBsgX84EO2bt6fHhI7KRETFBPGdCScE0Ax6TFt4DbeY7bIZ3S4aMLBpQbBJOwzMNvGSpUcqcrs_dA2NufrmdZicpYSZmr9avAEzW3unoU6XIyyBaBOTz8mLQ8ZxHt/s320/fort+gate+for+enter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd6EQU-_qW8uBJj6D0WJz-wVTLDNOPKboYuw6QF1Dqsv75XggQs1yb1M_uCg1B3M4HYOPQLn1QYMuyIfMFn1vB7RN1QB2nhUzwTvaHfoF1RaP1xM2yYwhOWThWUcSy9fZ1BSE6Uerx-IGV/s1600/derawar-fort.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd6EQU-_qW8uBJj6D0WJz-wVTLDNOPKboYuw6QF1Dqsv75XggQs1yb1M_uCg1B3M4HYOPQLn1QYMuyIfMFn1vB7RN1QB2nhUzwTvaHfoF1RaP1xM2yYwhOWThWUcSy9fZ1BSE6Uerx-IGV/s320/derawar-fort.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_mafuffpFl0ggBs6sS9VHGPbR_Gn0aG4NNMOcXQeM3JAPY-qPFHNJ1wSaC7WPNv_R2fagCYIxIo9qzDGubjwzqEF7_o0yc8BipMsjyHzpPrZSPvSVniTXxoWnvGPsy4LnHAJqu4k6DCvh/s1600/DErawer+f.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_mafuffpFl0ggBs6sS9VHGPbR_Gn0aG4NNMOcXQeM3JAPY-qPFHNJ1wSaC7WPNv_R2fagCYIxIo9qzDGubjwzqEF7_o0yc8BipMsjyHzpPrZSPvSVniTXxoWnvGPsy4LnHAJqu4k6DCvh/s320/DErawer+f.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3PZuUCV41NLICi-C8knZPXFR0H-8oX03k7gYokAuOJCq4ZMuymAa3DHRwMT9xDBLGN5dGHUi_Vs7o8qoNPk0M0_rcoj9Kl9RLLyl5tFpRuj3iYMQ50iaoOZZJAQvU3OyhznHcmxHEdYLm/s1600/derawer+for++mosque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3PZuUCV41NLICi-C8knZPXFR0H-8oX03k7gYokAuOJCq4ZMuymAa3DHRwMT9xDBLGN5dGHUi_Vs7o8qoNPk0M0_rcoj9Kl9RLLyl5tFpRuj3iYMQ50iaoOZZJAQvU3OyhznHcmxHEdYLm/s320/derawer+for++mosque.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>he nearby mosque was modelled after that in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. There is also a royal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> of the Abbasi family, which still owns the stronghold. The area is rich in archaeological artifacts associated with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganweriwala" title="Ganweriwala">Ganweriwala</a>, a vast but as-yet-unexcavated city of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw34cGEFRYqbq_fqTZstCJYnRxGKzZaX0SkzwrPEZUQR5J8HoqNGXHToU7c7-ECae558Kn0kVT6YeQ11ppD5Q' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-72046038948416307952011-06-24T08:42:00.000-07:002011-06-24T08:42:53.523-07:00Yasin Valley Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Yasin Valley</h1>The <b>Yasin Valley</b>(یاسین ) , <b>Tehsil Yasin</b> or <b>Babaye-i-Yasen</b> (بابائے یاسین) or <b>Worshigum</b> (ورشیگوم) is a high mountain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains, in the northwest region of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_District" title="Gilgit District">Gilgit</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Yasin is separated from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkoman" title="Ishkoman">Ishkoman</a> Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> north from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, and then turn left to reach <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gupis (page does not exist)">Gupis</a> in <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghizar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ghizar (page does not exist)">Ghizar</a>. After <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gupis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gupis (page does not exist)">Gupis</a>, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has an spectacular natural beauty.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcUXVcpDz9bwJUjf9qK_Ix6akJ7Gv1t-cZgiKVVWP4Z4iCyPy5yvbGEm5Lf5YgCCNvtkdPv0baYsVjL3LTZcTEoG_WwsyfWteOG0HQRwuE6rNpXshg3iSj40_krOPP5AZith61hD0XOidb/s1600/yasin.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcUXVcpDz9bwJUjf9qK_Ix6akJ7Gv1t-cZgiKVVWP4Z4iCyPy5yvbGEm5Lf5YgCCNvtkdPv0baYsVjL3LTZcTEoG_WwsyfWteOG0HQRwuE6rNpXshg3iSj40_krOPP5AZith61hD0XOidb/s320/yasin.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>Yasin was originally ruled by the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khushwakhte_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khushwakhte Dynasty (page does not exist)">Khushwakhte Dynasty</a>, a collateral line of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katur_Dynasty" title="Katur Dynasty">Katur Dynasty</a> of Chitral. The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogra" title="Dogra">Dogras</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, but this house eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between the rule of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehtar" title="Mehtar">Mehtar</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_era">British era</span></h3>Although sparsely populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broghol" title="Broghol">Broghol</a> Pass, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. Thus, Yasin could have formed an invasion route from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Czarist Russia</a> into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India">British India</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6gg3FsuEX99JGheh-idZmwFlZHjZxZ5sDM4vFei7-EmJH3_ByS4AiJ0zsdcPhQptgA_JU5XZOrwmx3wgXhIjSxphVJqL-0FpQhcw_Zb2i9AIXUFjzgGDsNanhxmAfgNUUrTu5Nwuf1bS3/s1600/travel+photo+of+yasin+valley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6gg3FsuEX99JGheh-idZmwFlZHjZxZ5sDM4vFei7-EmJH3_ByS4AiJ0zsdcPhQptgA_JU5XZOrwmx3wgXhIjSxphVJqL-0FpQhcw_Zb2i9AIXUFjzgGDsNanhxmAfgNUUrTu5Nwuf1bS3/s320/travel+photo+of+yasin+valley.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="People">People</span></h2>The primary language of Yasin Valley is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski_language" title="Burushaski language">Burushaski language</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khowar_language" title="Khowar language">Khowar language</a> is also spoken.<br />
The majority of the people in Yasin are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili" title="Ismaili">Ismailies</a> who lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like, Sunni, Shia also live here.<br />
Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin, any way there are people who are migrants from different part of the country like Chitral and even from outside the country like Central Asia.<br />
People of Yasin are known for their honesty, hard work and bravery.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Villages">Villages</span></h2>Gindai, Noh, Yasin, Taus, Nazbar, Ghojalti, Sandi, Sultanabad, Thoi, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharkolti&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bharkolti (page does not exist)">Bharkolti</a>, Hundur, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umalsat" title="Umalsat">Umalsat</a>(املست), Datkut, Qurqulti, Gahyeen Chail, Ishkaibar, Murka, Mashar, Saranmooj, Dalsadi and Shaman, moroong, burakut, ghasum,Gartenz<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Passes">Passes</span></h2>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkut_Pass" title="Darkut Pass">Darkut Pass</a> connects Yasin with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broghol" title="Broghol">Broghol</a> pass and Chitral whilst the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoi_Pass" title="Thoi Pass">Thoi Pass</a> connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral and Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which discriminately has been labelled as restricted zone by Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of Communication between oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Local and Foreign Tourism love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen valley.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxC6Gq35dJZGU2eksV_DnEVxWNt2QR3RUj5NBATvL2wjeCLl-KiekrvWSKmpISxDVXtpUGm1P2VDJrMgCfjZQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-91729288748369891662011-06-23T08:43:00.000-07:002011-06-23T08:43:49.765-07:00Shimshal Valley Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Shimshal</h1><b>Shimshal</b> is a small village located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojal" title="Gojal">Gojal</a>, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>-administered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>. It lies at an altitude of 3,200 m above sea level, and is the highest settlement in Pakistan.<br />
The village was inaccessible by motor road until October 2003, when a new road from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passu" title="Passu">Passu</a> was constructed. The Shimshal River comes from this area and then transforms the shape of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_River" title="Hunza River">Hunza</a> River, which mixes with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> below the capital city <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>.<br />
Shimshalis use numerous seasonal mountain grasslands, located several days walk from the village, to sustain herds of yaks, goats, and sheep. Most of these grasslands are located within what has been declared as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunjerab_National_Park" title="Khunjerab National Park">Khunjerab National Park</a>. The area was founded by Mamo Singh and his wife. According to Shimshal's history and tradition, their first child won the local polo game from Kargiz (Chinese) riding yak while the Chinese rode horses.<br />
The people of Shimshal are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhi" title="Wakhi">Wakhi</a> and they speak the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi language</a>. They belong to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> sect of Islam.<br />
Two books about Shimshal, "Shimshal" and "Women of Shimshal" have been written by Pam Henson of the Shimshal Trust, based on her experiences teaching in Shimshal.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8s0EAiSnHBraJTq9doA4UswQGUa6xLUZP3JLwfAPFadLycDqUFWE8pUdEWgJWKsWxW70KaeWCiaEwCRivQ8sZbT9OvtBYobfssn0eWYp0GCPOuv20t4mZpdv4xrAOrr6tqB1nGYITjr5z/s1600/valley_of_Shimshal_Pamir_North_Pak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8s0EAiSnHBraJTq9doA4UswQGUa6xLUZP3JLwfAPFadLycDqUFWE8pUdEWgJWKsWxW70KaeWCiaEwCRivQ8sZbT9OvtBYobfssn0eWYp0GCPOuv20t4mZpdv4xrAOrr6tqB1nGYITjr5z/s1600/valley_of_Shimshal_Pamir_North_Pak.jpg" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Shimshal_Pass">Shimshal Pass</span></h2>Shimshal Pass (4,735m) rises above the village. It lies on the watershed between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_River" title="Tarim River">Tarim River</a> basins, and leads to the valley of the Shimshal Braldu River, a tributary of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaksgam_River" title="Shaksgam River">Shaksgam River</a> on the border with China. The pass is not part of Khunjerab National Park, but the Shimshal community has set an organization called SNT (Shimshal Nature Trust) which oversees the entire region and takes care of its own land. It is a community based organization and is registered with the Government Of Pakistan.<br />
Annually, in the month of July, there is a festival at Shimshal Pass, where locals partake in a yak race, followed by singing and dancing. This yak race is the only one of its kind, and is a unique event.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dynFYPEik6r-97R8q5bUXWI0X3hfHLELof9uy4sLxqD_sd3Q4xKJCWFr7YZq1u1MdnE_0jXENfSTlG5Co-4Xg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-58999972834663630512011-06-22T20:50:00.000-07:002011-06-22T20:50:55.816-07:00Urak Valley Queta Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Urak</h1><b>Urak</b> is a valley surrounded by mountains in the province of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_%28Pakistan%29" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. It is located near <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Lake" title="Hana Lake">Hana Lake</a>, and 21 kilometres from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> city<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPM65TI_JN3FnPEgDmUM8OSbQp7OijGOmkWBpg9mMbiYxdSylkFiW33t5DqCal0SsQTrGKH_OFSIXZZEUzPETm4rw4NyyYcT19JSYH96qKfeYrmGd605KwFaM8Uyxd1_932Ct1xg_TuH_4/s1600/urak+vlly.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPM65TI_JN3FnPEgDmUM8OSbQp7OijGOmkWBpg9mMbiYxdSylkFiW33t5DqCal0SsQTrGKH_OFSIXZZEUzPETm4rw4NyyYcT19JSYH96qKfeYrmGd605KwFaM8Uyxd1_932Ct1xg_TuH_4/s1600/urak+vlly.jpeg" /></a></div>Urak has a population of 10,000 and about 100% are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a>. This valley is used for growing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> trees of good quality and few other fruits. It has a small <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfall</a> in the end from where the Walli Tangi (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_Tangi" title="Wali Tangi">Wali Tangi</a>) valley begins. Note : The Exact spelling is Walli Tangi.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwwu8eRNGc6S0F29pBgQ95soOaHmNF5YgFxyeEde4sGeAZAjviQijaTkiZCZ1KaLDFWOtEWRh3Fv6tINB-cuQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-64887281058562687412011-06-18T08:51:00.000-07:002011-06-18T08:51:11.855-07:00Booni Valley Chiral Pakistan<span style="font-size: large;">Booni Valley</span><br />
Booni is situated 80 kilometer to the north of Chitral town. It is famous for the fruit-laden trees apricot, mulberry, grapes, peaches and apple tree orchards, fresh water, grasses and cool shadow.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD66nE8h4wtFzqjosMkEyi88NlBK_8Hh-zz1mjohM5Ryii_OWCinSNzyUThrxRhkfU-yVOdfwtyXD7KugDihhj0MpwX6cSn79pu_HaxvIjqUDNqI4arjPtu31_c4U6VxRq9MdlSYPWLvWG/s1600/booni_in_winter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD66nE8h4wtFzqjosMkEyi88NlBK_8Hh-zz1mjohM5Ryii_OWCinSNzyUThrxRhkfU-yVOdfwtyXD7KugDihhj0MpwX6cSn79pu_HaxvIjqUDNqI4arjPtu31_c4U6VxRq9MdlSYPWLvWG/s320/booni_in_winter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">booni the beutyfull</span><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span></h2>The main languages spoken in this area of Pakistan are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a> and about 13 other dialects. The people of the Kalash Valley speak the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_language" title="Kalash language">Kalash language</a>. Urdu is widely spoken and understood in major towns and to some extent <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> is also spoken.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Population">Population</span></h2>The main tribe, the Khow, speak <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khowar_language" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a> (or Chitrali), one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a>, which is also spoken in parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Valley" title="Yasin Valley">Yasin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, Ghizer and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_%28Pakistan%29" title="Swat (Pakistan)">Swat</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language">Pashto language</a> is also spoken and understood by some in the city. Chitral is known for the famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash tribe</a> polytheist native inhabitants that ruled the region for centuries later invaded by "Khow". The Kalasha reside in an enclave of three remote valleys west of Ayun, which is ten miles (16 km) down from Chitral town. The Chitral culture is Islamic and contrasts considerably with the urban cities of Pakistan as well as the adjacent district of Gilgit. Women are nearly invisible except to their male relatives and other women. They avoid walking the streets of the town, so men or children do most of the shopping. Travel requires the company of a close male relative and sometimes the wearing of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> There is also a sizeable population of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuristani_people" title="Nuristani people">Nuristanis</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" title="Tājik people">Tajiks</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> most of whom arrived from Afghanistan in the late 1980s.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyTmy-m-n2S5OnDTzgpm7jJxA7xXGDID-RwW13sBO7rhozWRU4OpEjmfHFILsC17FyFcJFAF5jkzBqTGBjktQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-80938614200458978272011-06-17T08:50:00.000-07:002011-06-17T08:50:21.815-07:00Lowari Pass Chitral pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Lowari Pass</h1><b>Lowari Pass</b> (or <b>Lowari Top</b>) (el. 10,230 ft.) is a high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain pass</a> that connects <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_District" title="Chitral District">Chitral</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Dir_District" title="Upper Dir District">Dir</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Lowari Top is a relatively low pass, by far the lowest pass to enter Chitral, the rest all being 12,000 to 15,000 feet.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaqBWyk7GuEW9kXrmhI-XW5sGhQwCMbeEu7o0PAHYGljT2-tGdIwCrx3fAdypY86g3c-DbwDD3xtHFIxLBhEMkUw_JRQH6rxXzFUGo5ZLQxy-GTsf_6CkJjV3sZW52RHc4ixzkOr500SCi/s1600/Lowari_Pass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaqBWyk7GuEW9kXrmhI-XW5sGhQwCMbeEu7o0PAHYGljT2-tGdIwCrx3fAdypY86g3c-DbwDD3xtHFIxLBhEMkUw_JRQH6rxXzFUGo5ZLQxy-GTsf_6CkJjV3sZW52RHc4ixzkOr500SCi/s320/Lowari_Pass.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Lowari Top is closed by snow from late November to late May every year. During this time, jeeps cannot cross so men must travel by foot. This is dangerous, as there are high mountains on each side of Lowari Top, and a deadly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> can come at any moment without warning.<br />
Every winter a few persons are killed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a> while crossing Lowari Top. Their bodies are buried under the snow and it is only when the summer comes and the snow melts that their bodies are found and their fate learned.<br />
Nevertheless, Lowari Top remains popular because it is the shortest route from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. The other way would be down the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunar_River" title="Kunar River">Kunar River</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a> through hostile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> Territory or the much longer route across <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandur" title="Shandur">Shandur</a> Top to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>.<br />
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<br />
Lowari Top crosses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Raj" title="Hindu Raj">Hindu Raj</a> Mountains, a spur of the higher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>. On the Chitral side of Lowari Top are the people of Ashret, who speak the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalura_language" title="Phalura language">Phalura language</a> and were assigned by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehtar" title="Mehtar">Mehtar</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_%28princely_state%29" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a> to be the guardians of Lowari Top.<br />
On the Dir side reside <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujjar" title="Gujjar">Gujjars</a>, some of whom make their living as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_%28carrier%29" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a> carrying loads across Lowari Top.<br />
In 1954, the Mehtar of Chitral was killed when his airplane crashed into Lowari Top. Even today, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">PIA</a> pilots often turn back because of winds and fear of crossing Lowari Top.<br />
The word "Top" is believed not to be the English word "top" but a word from an ancient language no longer spoken there.<br />
The Lowari Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_District" title="Chitral District">Chitral</a>. The others are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorah_Pass" title="Dorah Pass">Dorah Pass</a> from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakshan" title="Badakshan">Badakshan</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandur" title="Shandur">Shandur</a> Top from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broghol" title="Broghol">Broghol</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowari_Tunnel" title="Lowari Tunnel">Lowari Tunnel</a> is currently being constructed beneath Lowari Pass by a Korean company. The tunnel is expected to be fully open in 2012.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw4amg52L8_v5DRiOfCzmcFLDgdLZ6wujvjIEkBKyGuLm0-_ZnYCyv1cIoGrTJ3_gssIFT57W-OEvCs_MqH' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-53935653391101539272011-06-16T08:50:00.000-07:002011-06-16T08:50:39.766-07:00Shigar Valley Baltistan Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Shigar Valley</h1><b>Shigar Valley</b> is a valley in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> in northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> that is watered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigar_River" title="Shigar River">Shigar River</a>. The valley stretches about 170 km from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askole" title="Askole">Askole</a> and is the gateway to the high mountains of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>. Even though the <b>Shigar Valley</b> is a remote and largely inaccessible place, there are several villages in the valley. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askole" title="Askole">Askole</a> is the last settlement in <b>Shigar Valley</b>, which is still far from the high mountains.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2VTmpQUUwjB3OLpOTDWd9No55qUXDZc7n0-TDA-QGA939QYUp3tLWe6vMB-RqwvndgATP8frXlh5NvsLtjA-lCHAmCXqCGQNNGX2Fm7c_Nn0PsL-jOQQAH51giel1rgWyKIJKV8jfb2GH/s1600/Shigar+Valley+by+pakistan+tourisam++.%252C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2VTmpQUUwjB3OLpOTDWd9No55qUXDZc7n0-TDA-QGA939QYUp3tLWe6vMB-RqwvndgATP8frXlh5NvsLtjA-lCHAmCXqCGQNNGX2Fm7c_Nn0PsL-jOQQAH51giel1rgWyKIJKV8jfb2GH/s320/Shigar+Valley+by+pakistan+tourisam++.%252C.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Shigar is the administrative sub-division of District Skardu. Population living in Shigar valley are called balities who speak balti an archaic form of tibetian language. People are peaceful, hospitable and friendly. They are Muslim Shias. Like rest of district the valley is crime<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimn_7pYS3gq-tYx6WmPWm3P2fX459Fda1mpCceK1vo5ld0xi6nWCs8A83yCejKg53mddG5A3VvgUBS84nG6aMA-QAlsE08QpR02IGYq1kgsQEmX7MOnesVf04mW0YJ7Cr05qqC_c3X9Wd4/s1600/travel+photo+of+shigar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimn_7pYS3gq-tYx6WmPWm3P2fX459Fda1mpCceK1vo5ld0xi6nWCs8A83yCejKg53mddG5A3VvgUBS84nG6aMA-QAlsE08QpR02IGYq1kgsQEmX7MOnesVf04mW0YJ7Cr05qqC_c3X9Wd4/s320/travel+photo+of+shigar.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Notable pesonallities from this valley are Mr. G M Sikander who joined Civil Service of Pakistan and has risen to the level of a Federal Secretary. Late Mr. Mohammad Ishaq a successful businessman who in his lifetime made tremendous contribution for education and health as head of Marafie Foundation.{See www.marafiefoundation.org} Mr. Afzal Ali Shigri joined Police Service of Pakistan and rose to the rank of Inspector General of Police. After his retirement he is heading the Marafie Foundation and working for improvement of health and education sectors.{See www.marafiefoundation.org & Daily Dawn 4-5-2003} Mr. Nasir Ali Shigri an engineer presently posted as secretary Works department in the Northern Areas Administration.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy0E23iNVYRYqflPrxtDcXJCPojLQI1b_mgfcpYe9zX8QzMB4EqCVsw6Sj3QC6R_rtc_s9qSSTH0Bx0s7cQeQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-5568495587476202512011-06-15T08:57:00.000-07:002011-06-15T08:57:47.309-07:00Bolan Pass Blochistan Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Bolan Pass</h1>The <b>Bolan Pass</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain pass</a> through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Kakar_Range" title="Toba Kakar Range">Toba Kakar Range</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_%28Pakistan%29" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> province in western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, 120 kilometres from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> border.<br />
Strategically located, traders, invaders, and nomadic tribes have also used it as a gateway to and from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolan_Pass#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The Bolan Pass is an important pass on the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baluch_frontier&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Baluch frontier (page does not exist)">Baluch frontier</a>, connecting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibi" title="Sibi">Sibi</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, which has always occupied an important place in the history of British campaigns in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<br />
Traditionally, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd" title="Kurd">Kurd</a> tribe are in charge of the law and order situation through the Pass area. This tribe is still living in present day <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_%28Pakistan%29" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<br />
In 1837, threatened by a possible <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> invasion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> via the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber</a> and Bolan Passes, a British envoy was sent to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to gain support of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dost_Mohammed" title="Dost Mohammed">Dost Mohammed</a>. In February 1839, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> under <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keane_%28British_army_officer%29" title="John Keane (British army officer)">Sir John Keane</a> took 12,000 men through the Bolan Pass and entered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, which the Afghan Princes had abandoned; from there they would go on to attack and overthrow <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>.<br />
In 1883, Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Groves_Sandeman" title="Robert Groves Sandeman">Robert Groves Sandeman</a> negotiated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_of_Kalat" title="Khan of Kalat">Khan of Kalat</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudadad_Khan_%28Kalat%29" title="Khudadad Khan (Kalat)">Khudadad Khan</a> and secured British control over the pass in exchange for an annual fee.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiACJBbwFgNlga4oohAZlpvsFML25eu0dFgpN2ScuQx7kW73CEY6tXuys7NxalrW6ecRPbfMPomrtYRbiB-LT4IQJvGwULOmTJzl8hmZGQab7JVjG3TkBMayz8TS08ChMWj1VIIPgCBi4OS/s1600/bolan-pass-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiACJBbwFgNlga4oohAZlpvsFML25eu0dFgpN2ScuQx7kW73CEY6tXuys7NxalrW6ecRPbfMPomrtYRbiB-LT4IQJvGwULOmTJzl8hmZGQab7JVjG3TkBMayz8TS08ChMWj1VIIPgCBi4OS/s320/bolan-pass-.jpg" width="216" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4NqHscAZNsfTaJbXyufBg5LE1hnur2VGHakpBY288aBOZhXjVyBKJzCmTciTZ_-wDqIAeHeht7Un2vb1dR9G07Q6RpF0mOBOYaDVC6JtkGfmDP6Ghyd567Fqzqb_dmcIk8USC8Lciu288/s1600/bolan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4NqHscAZNsfTaJbXyufBg5LE1hnur2VGHakpBY288aBOZhXjVyBKJzCmTciTZ_-wDqIAeHeht7Un2vb1dR9G07Q6RpF0mOBOYaDVC6JtkGfmDP6Ghyd567Fqzqb_dmcIk8USC8Lciu288/s320/bolan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkLpa0qd85HifMPFjElu3-IVfaO5jhggjRTuRSpnz3jbyXlDnNSg7DvXmgHjGJi4XKWRV55lIgeQn7GxHNTjRdNs2MTE_L3G917cyWr4ynxFZHXfn3wtVQ8Vamdl2AHiiBF8pYCmchG14Y/s1600/bolan-pass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkLpa0qd85HifMPFjElu3-IVfaO5jhggjRTuRSpnz3jbyXlDnNSg7DvXmgHjGJi4XKWRV55lIgeQn7GxHNTjRdNs2MTE_L3G917cyWr4ynxFZHXfn3wtVQ8Vamdl2AHiiBF8pYCmchG14Y/s320/bolan-pass.jpg" width="231" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bolan_Pass_railway">Bolan Pass railway</span></h2>From Sibi the line runs south-west, skirting the hills to <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rindli&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rindli (page does not exist)">Rindli</a>, and originally followed the course of the Bolan stream to its head on the plateau. The destructive action of floods, however, led to the abandonment of this alignment, and the railway now follows the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mashkaf_valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mashkaf valley (page does not exist)">Mashkaf valley</a> (which <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debouches" title="Debouches">debouches</a> into the plains close to Sibi), and is carried from near the head of the Mashkaf to a junction with the Bolan at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machh" title="Machh">Machh</a>. An alternative route from Sibi to Quetta was found in the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harnai_valley&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Harnai valley (page does not exist)">Harnai valley</a> to the N.E. of Sibi, the line starting in exactly the opposite direction to that of the Bolan and entering the hills at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari" title="Nari">Nari</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnai" title="Harnai">Harnai</a> route, although longer, is the one adopted for all ordinary traffic, the Bolan loop being reserved for emergencies. At the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khundilani&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Khundilani (page does not exist)">Khundilani</a> gorge of the Bolan route conglomerate cliffs enclose the valley rising to a height of 800 ft., and at <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir-i-Bolan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sir-i-Bolan (page does not exist)">Sir-i-Bolan</a> the passage between the limestone rocks hardly admits of three persons riding abreast. The temperature of the pass in summer is very high, whereas in winter, near its head, the cold is extreme, and the ice-cold wind rushing down the narrow outlet becomes destructive to life. Since 1877, when the Quetta agency was founded, the freedom of the pass from plundering bands of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluch_people" title="Baluch people">Baluch</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marauder" title="Marauder">marauders</a> (chiefly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marris" title="Marris">Marris</a>) had been secured by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZ9yu0vcUfYKRdSdVQWj6tKE8NOPFuotMxrLjgG45FSc1VNBuWgpxNyaq5Amb0TuqEqN4P9fpNg9Qg9sIVCHYsX9lVI_DNo31vHnTbtVhKAmTzKCS_pMJYuk8PjwonrmthA8u6QhEzf4M/s1600/bolanpass+hills.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZ9yu0vcUfYKRdSdVQWj6tKE8NOPFuotMxrLjgG45FSc1VNBuWgpxNyaq5Amb0TuqEqN4P9fpNg9Qg9sIVCHYsX9lVI_DNo31vHnTbtVhKAmTzKCS_pMJYuk8PjwonrmthA8u6QhEzf4M/s1600/bolanpass+hills.jpg" /></a></div><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_%28region%29" title="Balochistan (region)">Balochistan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyE1iKuuXhe9SUmvGl5D2fm6p1T2ULStXVucFNG6pH-O6S0U_ZiE_fmmXY5Ndebt0xXIjP0T27jQQhgkXxeTQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolan_Pass#cite_note-1"><span></span></a>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-70707810238591222452011-06-14T09:08:00.000-07:002011-06-14T09:08:49.426-07:00Fairy Meadow Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Fairy Meadow</h1><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Meadows_Nanga_Parbat" title="Fairy Meadows Nanga Parbat">Fairy Meadows Nanga Parbat</a>, a scenic location in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areas_%28Pakistan%29" title="Northern Areas (Pakistan)">Northern Areas</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt8ILMr4MXu8mpvL3D7fxmEzxyc0WR-ZFEDD8Cy1gs-r-W8FIYvQ6jd3s0NQjRr7RWesMzLu5qaZUhVRbTIVt8pjitrYQoRpgrtSiKNkxrHRlD53N4JoOZQ9TrTSZ4-z7wALMWRWc_gDbv/s1600/Fairy+Meadows+under+starry+skies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt8ILMr4MXu8mpvL3D7fxmEzxyc0WR-ZFEDD8Cy1gs-r-W8FIYvQ6jd3s0NQjRr7RWesMzLu5qaZUhVRbTIVt8pjitrYQoRpgrtSiKNkxrHRlD53N4JoOZQ9TrTSZ4-z7wALMWRWc_gDbv/s320/Fairy+Meadows+under+starry+skies.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKC0vtF-YrdtWm3_L35ELZBurE9ksRFY2zmMd25-lRAC9xpbRufBYu5UXDw1hgTtKd-ofvhuFS85KSCTfNzym3daUXYjI9fOCIsot8Wg4MXAmh6Ogbbrwa8yz_CIfJS9AwSWf1yt3Uc8zP/s1600/fairy+meadows.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKC0vtF-YrdtWm3_L35ELZBurE9ksRFY2zmMd25-lRAC9xpbRufBYu5UXDw1hgTtKd-ofvhuFS85KSCTfNzym3daUXYjI9fOCIsot8Wg4MXAmh6Ogbbrwa8yz_CIfJS9AwSWf1yt3Uc8zP/s320/fairy+meadows.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbncTsy2dpLRymgMKGFid9R-ZncnN3G8m9WtFMCWhQpf9HIjhiqudTNVIVVkjEN0ec3P6RCzGJqBwdlc0OPOrKglKmeASkV5_1giT9RDvB-twzyfszxeZCSGJnXGYT416rvOuO6jFih1RJ/s1600/fairy+meadows+travel+photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbncTsy2dpLRymgMKGFid9R-ZncnN3G8m9WtFMCWhQpf9HIjhiqudTNVIVVkjEN0ec3P6RCzGJqBwdlc0OPOrKglKmeASkV5_1giT9RDvB-twzyfszxeZCSGJnXGYT416rvOuO6jFih1RJ/s320/fairy+meadows+travel+photo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>After reaching Raikot Bridge one has to take a one and a half hour jeep ride just to get to the hiking point, at this point the track becomes very narrow and jeeps aren't accessible beyond it. Then after an at least two and half hour hike straight up the hill you reach <b>Fairy Meadows</b>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4E6uUW0a548NPlbuRkAIVuyV-m9fcv5FhJXkkqgQ0Q0ciXHbP2KygG6eLKgfu00WbpQOAIH7zbmZcTJ8I2PRPf4uAZ3iw0wIK_uRHKMguKJ4Xf3UBZM5TmzofA5Mbw6oV8v72Xo77RXIC/s1600/fairy_meadows+water+flows.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4E6uUW0a548NPlbuRkAIVuyV-m9fcv5FhJXkkqgQ0Q0ciXHbP2KygG6eLKgfu00WbpQOAIH7zbmZcTJ8I2PRPf4uAZ3iw0wIK_uRHKMguKJ4Xf3UBZM5TmzofA5Mbw6oV8v72Xo77RXIC/s1600/fairy_meadows+water+flows.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1IwbD79T1M6-GXCTpzU6Io7tDVX1O3bQzRcr8NZEdVoycE2OccL15tM_taYFovbSWCLsWxBONRH28SGZ5QoChdeGmMoQ2HQr62nIPuqIc_2Z9qE3HtbtZKLaDx4eMFAK8TvpfczvOnzLT/s1600/FAIRY+MEDOWS+PAK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1IwbD79T1M6-GXCTpzU6Io7tDVX1O3bQzRcr8NZEdVoycE2OccL15tM_taYFovbSWCLsWxBONRH28SGZ5QoChdeGmMoQ2HQr62nIPuqIc_2Z9qE3HtbtZKLaDx4eMFAK8TvpfczvOnzLT/s320/FAIRY+MEDOWS+PAK.jpg" width="279" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKVGwBjZtcivCL0BJo6mTePu5B_f61Oq6342jwSpAthEhGFYhgvm5O5aYFm6qUcA71ngMPH6qaYRESww5DyCbfd0_OJjWH8bszB0SKHSlL1sdO9KPieU2Ddbbh3qbt2Jh36x8Ay4NwFAU5/s1600/fairy_meadow_galleryfull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKVGwBjZtcivCL0BJo6mTePu5B_f61Oq6342jwSpAthEhGFYhgvm5O5aYFm6qUcA71ngMPH6qaYRESww5DyCbfd0_OJjWH8bszB0SKHSlL1sdO9KPieU2Ddbbh3qbt2Jh36x8Ay4NwFAU5/s320/fairy_meadow_galleryfull.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><b>Fairy Meadow</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadow</a> on the north side of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>, a few kilometers south of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. It is the best place to view the majestic beauty of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>. Many consider it one of the beautiful spots on earth. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Buhl" title="Hermann Buhl">Hermann Buhl</a>, the Austrian climber who made the first ascent of Nanga Parbat in 1953, named it Fairy Meadow due to its wonderful scenery.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHoyVaJsikJrDpoKYS2LKpFYauWA-Z7Wfjjb5ZIy-wwFnelNlVwU65E1Rx-ArMCtEnYuKPQJpw23mjRyhe443zScUdOoRDERXf7evYQXHB3fjtlXoICVNQssobD48DQfekF2B5lsVPbQL/s1600/sun+shine+fairy-meadow-trip-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHoyVaJsikJrDpoKYS2LKpFYauWA-Z7Wfjjb5ZIy-wwFnelNlVwU65E1Rx-ArMCtEnYuKPQJpw23mjRyhe443zScUdOoRDERXf7evYQXHB3fjtlXoICVNQssobD48DQfekF2B5lsVPbQL/s320/sun+shine+fairy-meadow-trip-.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Most tourists who come to see Nanga Parbat stay at Fairy Meadow, which is at an elevation of 3,300 m (10,827 ft); tents and simple food are available there. On the route to the meadow lie two small villages, Tatu and Fenturi; nearby the meadow is Tarar Lake. Many visitors continue on to the standard (northern) base camp of Nanga Parbat.<br />
Since 2010, many new hotels have been built which provide rooms at affordable rates, the food however is a bit expensive compared to what you get in cities but one can't complain when meat, pulses and potatoes are available at this remote place as well. Locals have established a small village at fairy meadows also. Horse riding is also available here. The polo matches that are organized for tourists here are a delight to watch. The lush green meadows also serve as a football or cricket ground for tourists.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyE_d8mGU8dtQDrG4gde28O5Y_z4zeABk3zT9SDyoYW8GypUe1kHahyrwoXFD4zEyNrKntvNcySLMll3fWQTg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>The place is closed in the winters due to heavy snowfall and is accessible only in the summers. June-July is the best time to visit this place. The Nanga Parbat base camp is accessible from Fairy Meadows, and if the tourists desires to visit the base camp then hiring a local guide would be good option. From fairy Meadows one has to pass Bial Camp, View Point 1 and View Point 2 in order to reach the base camp. It is at least a total of a three and a half hour hike depending on your level of fitness.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzeBmKE3pwYXMihLVqqDg8C8g5tnmT7R5y8CWlBtR-ckAg4XWBN0IhY7p-B4rU46B4kZt6gQQ0y3fPJt4uI3g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-1493378581343987212011-06-13T09:01:00.000-07:002011-06-13T09:01:56.299-07:00Kandol lake Pakistan<h1 class="photo-title" id="title_div310568269">Kandol lake</h1>Kandol Lake is situated over 3200 metres above sea level. It is an alpine lake and somewhat nrth-west/west of Kalam. It is a couple of hours trek away from the last stop for vehicles.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpz-Y_mamyFEoF-q7xum2snkovLGiZjIznVKOMHkjDQ3rX25dGHJ7u411hRzn5ZnWFSVCogdEcVhG8eiPrQcqvHaqyHYreQh9wK_SBmRnxbqP7fP5RyRi_PMAopcY9FLeZZXmFvdzHlVFB/s1600/kandol+lake+pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpz-Y_mamyFEoF-q7xum2snkovLGiZjIznVKOMHkjDQ3rX25dGHJ7u411hRzn5ZnWFSVCogdEcVhG8eiPrQcqvHaqyHYreQh9wK_SBmRnxbqP7fP5RyRi_PMAopcY9FLeZZXmFvdzHlVFB/s320/kandol+lake+pakistan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9yWY2uoFhh8yXzSsSXEcCT6Ixd08ZkfwuJg0mtnlZyuAAws5BHoOj-4pzjWccLSXdBHQ3eQbGYy0T44HO9xUA_M3ug69QodWHovCVXZmIEUTTVQjOCGRA9mth1pfAND7Rt3Jp46SGgBX/s1600/lake+kandol+.%252C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9yWY2uoFhh8yXzSsSXEcCT6Ixd08ZkfwuJg0mtnlZyuAAws5BHoOj-4pzjWccLSXdBHQ3eQbGYy0T44HO9xUA_M3ug69QodWHovCVXZmIEUTTVQjOCGRA9mth1pfAND7Rt3Jp46SGgBX/s320/lake+kandol+.%252C.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Kandol Lake is one of the lake which is in undisturbed state because of difficult but beautiful trek of 2:30 hours.It can be reached from Ushu Valley or Kalam with a local guide.And you will witness such sceneries in the world which you cannot find anywhere in the world.Believe me for this.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzOxQp8XKkGEKoJS4YgXNtp7o74nUsRXTOmGVL95YDLa_58oGn5aexzqGO95i3QfIfFysH_ZMz9UTyTbNyxHg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-89303513493997866122011-06-11T08:29:00.000-07:002011-06-11T08:29:49.714-07:00Shangla Pass Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Shangla Pass</h1><b>Shangla Pass</b> connects <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat District</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangla_District" title="Shangla District">Shangla District</a>, with further connections beyond to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Baltistan" title="Gilgit Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Di9il6ZBQb-741QyGKqeq1BHzXvJqqnkfWi5v8JAJZbrNvqXSejlkv7Omg2jDfT2Ze6k-boOGm4TYW37tPyCBS0oUFj-Fsh8TvsoWFuG3tqW8N7m-byVnl9cB2q1tg6nIpm57952Ne2g/s1600/Shangla+Valley-a-scene-on-way-to-shangla-pass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Di9il6ZBQb-741QyGKqeq1BHzXvJqqnkfWi5v8JAJZbrNvqXSejlkv7Omg2jDfT2Ze6k-boOGm4TYW37tPyCBS0oUFj-Fsh8TvsoWFuG3tqW8N7m-byVnl9cB2q1tg6nIpm57952Ne2g/s320/Shangla+Valley-a-scene-on-way-to-shangla-pass.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-53367084334483905232011-06-10T08:40:00.000-07:002011-06-10T08:40:05.932-07:00Kachura Lake Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Kachura Lake</h1>The <b>Kachura Lakes</b> are two lakes in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu_District" title="Skardu District">Skardu District</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, northern Pakistan. The lakes, at 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) in elevation, are <b>Upper Kachura Lake</b> and <b>Lower Kachura Lake</b>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wmapia_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachura_Lake#cite_note-wmapia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The latter is also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangrila_Lake" title="Shangrila Lake">Shangrila Lake</a> and is within a tourist resort named Shangrila Resort outside the town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a>.<br />
The lakes are in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> of the western Himalayas, the greater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir region</a>, and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGBhYJkpINMxBWI7r1fMIBHXVM-HAO0nJ-ADEv9rQ_CRfBp1sGoN9GsaIN3-B8nzAuB6jxYKIijD8BWhM1Ri_OYnkquHQ9UvnEyVuPOqJIbjqOiQAX0L3t8vbIqjNjTNmFwcC8lyQWoCg/s1600/Lower+Kachura+Lake+Shangrila.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGBhYJkpINMxBWI7r1fMIBHXVM-HAO0nJ-ADEv9rQ_CRfBp1sGoN9GsaIN3-B8nzAuB6jxYKIijD8BWhM1Ri_OYnkquHQ9UvnEyVuPOqJIbjqOiQAX0L3t8vbIqjNjTNmFwcC8lyQWoCg/s320/Lower+Kachura+Lake+Shangrila.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwnalD_zMKSr5jvWfko0qapPLiTcMw-HWARscseuETe2bzkC9lZJgQH3PGftTbyR9Sj4KMbSukrbJBr3632ty4MauHLY05CFYoKuBsDItQRdXW2CqalkH6FEr9QeRQfD25nca1St2EegWu/s1600/upper-kachura.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwnalD_zMKSr5jvWfko0qapPLiTcMw-HWARscseuETe2bzkC9lZJgQH3PGftTbyR9Sj4KMbSukrbJBr3632ty4MauHLY05CFYoKuBsDItQRdXW2CqalkH6FEr9QeRQfD25nca1St2EegWu/s320/upper-kachura.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Upper_Kachura_Lake">Upper Kachura Lake</span></h2>Upper Kachura Lake is of clear water and has a depth of 70 metres (230 ft). <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wmapia_0-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachura_Lake#cite_note-wmapia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> In summer it has a temperature of <span style="white-space: nowrap;">15 °C</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(59 °F)</span>. In winter the surface is frozen solid. The upper Indus River flows nearby at a lower elevation.<br />
The beauty of the Upper Kachura Lake is almost untampered and mostly unexplored by travelers, due to lack of infrastructure owing to its rough terrain The area is has a rich <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, and also known for its wild <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot - <i>Prunus armeniaca</i></a> orchards. Recreation activities at Upper Kachura Lake include hiking, trout fishing, and Himalaya mountaineering.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dymmpd0rjf39hDFDKfZqaajqcK3FJesXOsJpvJFVRbMc1F-MLz5kfG89hajo55-1zKvhBhI6PCGRLJIKlSPzA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-38019541983307523732011-06-09T08:50:00.000-07:002011-06-09T08:50:47.217-07:00Khyber Pass Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Khyber Pass</h1>The <b>Khyber Pass</b>, (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps"><span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">د خیبر درہ</span></span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur">درۂ خیبر</span>) (altitude: 1,070 m or 3,510 ft) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain pass</a> linking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<br />
The Pass was an integral part of the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and throughout history, it has been an important <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategic</a> military location. The summit of the Khyber Pass is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) inside Pakistan at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landi_Kotal" title="Landi Kotal">Landi Kotal</a> and it cuts through the northeastern part of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed_Koh" title="Safed Koh">Safed Koh</a> mountains which themselves are a far southeastern extension of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> range.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrnYH3BOAZfLbfaECFXA_lrYqnvwnO61U6QK8t5vMDQX7sKm81SZNchUS7aaSuGbFrbtn9oJ1mMBJ5FBh9jCSsosgMN8jmKWFnb9QAEQyUFXZvX_QK3SdVE7jBHJ2MnCQ1OE1QwS71gOu6/s1600/KHYBER_PASS+way+for+afghanistan+pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrnYH3BOAZfLbfaECFXA_lrYqnvwnO61U6QK8t5vMDQX7sKm81SZNchUS7aaSuGbFrbtn9oJ1mMBJ5FBh9jCSsosgMN8jmKWFnb9QAEQyUFXZvX_QK3SdVE7jBHJ2MnCQ1OE1QwS71gOu6/s1600/KHYBER_PASS+way+for+afghanistan+pakistan.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwiIQDdGzokLcwrQ8hWQ7S54UEOgi-E45dW7JKr9LhnEW_2r0zeSUUYRWkp4uHI3bWWaZ0cVVce5TdXRZCS-QlmV2b8_op8NLsAEZYTLYKIuiOs1wksYvrUc6105txYNZPt4WUs1Mqdqnp/s1600/khyber+pass+pakistan.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwiIQDdGzokLcwrQ8hWQ7S54UEOgi-E45dW7JKr9LhnEW_2r0zeSUUYRWkp4uHI3bWWaZ0cVVce5TdXRZCS-QlmV2b8_op8NLsAEZYTLYKIuiOs1wksYvrUc6105txYNZPt4WUs1Mqdqnp/s320/khyber+pass+pakistan.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHxLXKxpwjDeurRM_O9j2EeBKVbXCyng8T_ZaJMoHA31Zas47tgCeTJRl1CQYFY5emQPADhTv4fzXZEvR5z29Wlhg0w5UtDTB_fIDQbLwjoJomw-TJ3NeWkNb-q87bWPHiPzKGXNAhBn0F/s1600/khyber_pass+nearest+hills.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHxLXKxpwjDeurRM_O9j2EeBKVbXCyng8T_ZaJMoHA31Zas47tgCeTJRl1CQYFY5emQPADhTv4fzXZEvR5z29Wlhg0w5UtDTB_fIDQbLwjoJomw-TJ3NeWkNb-q87bWPHiPzKGXNAhBn0F/s320/khyber_pass+nearest+hills.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_Name">Origin of Name</span></h2>According to historians and local oral traditions, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber" title="Khyber">Khyber</a> is a word of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> origin meaning a fort, castle or palace.<br />
<dl><dd><i>"Khyber is a Hebrew word, it means a fort"</i>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_Foreign_Policy_and_Government_Guide_0-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-Afghanistan_Foreign_Policy_and_Government_Guide-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_Diplomatic_Handbook_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-Afghanistan_Diplomatic_Handbook-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl><i>"No one knows when Khyber got its present name, but this much is certain that "Khyber" is a word of Hebrew language and it means palace or castle. There is also a city and fort known as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a>" Forty miles to the west of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>), which was inhabited by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> before the rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and was conquered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in 629 AD.."</i>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMG8OWt_xJLZnE3MyoGvGhpFs99eqJmu-P8TU63jEi2FY7phhxOjrRWA7uFIO2FJ-ilyG0egPhsyoNA-J7Y1TFFRGIqip61YUCwipikTFU4lgVCGghPiyb7QgsgfQXaITGyUOP0E2wwjGN/s1600/Pakistan_Khyber_Pass+says.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMG8OWt_xJLZnE3MyoGvGhpFs99eqJmu-P8TU63jEi2FY7phhxOjrRWA7uFIO2FJ-ilyG0egPhsyoNA-J7Y1TFFRGIqip61YUCwipikTFU4lgVCGghPiyb7QgsgfQXaITGyUOP0E2wwjGN/s320/Pakistan_Khyber_Pass+says.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKmO2hrkiWPSSeYP_o_ZakSeLam4TzZfMj1ZsCBtqlmjEoBHkjAxP7ERYBfsKRgH4NkZzDTi4nSuPEzmUEIqdIS38g7CS-Ljb02e-Jg-gohLk5YP4RYn8TRjWp49kf3mgS1N0wlQNKs4yy/s1600/harding-robert-british-army-insignia-khyber-pass-pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKmO2hrkiWPSSeYP_o_ZakSeLam4TzZfMj1ZsCBtqlmjEoBHkjAxP7ERYBfsKRgH4NkZzDTi4nSuPEzmUEIqdIS38g7CS-Ljb02e-Jg-gohLk5YP4RYn8TRjWp49kf3mgS1N0wlQNKs4yy/s320/harding-robert-british-army-insignia-khyber-pass-pakistan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQ4y1V2YQ08jACZ6BGEZR16QLCfffplF0fAidUQHrNCw84Bch9jK93e1UY4GD4_xh-csuD0H1byya9D_WRWfNyguFQS_csqGOp0dOIuYsg-FO3I8H4h9vsHip0Dlcut-oznHa5yYaEzIw/s1600/old+railway+station+kheber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrQ4y1V2YQ08jACZ6BGEZR16QLCfffplF0fAidUQHrNCw84Bch9jK93e1UY4GD4_xh-csuD0H1byya9D_WRWfNyguFQS_csqGOp0dOIuYsg-FO3I8H4h9vsHip0Dlcut-oznHa5yYaEzIw/s320/old+railway+station+kheber.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrbUO-sCIqoDNU8zKlClZKx3mIxIzUcDCwnkfV7a5SHo_XxPlQ2wbOfdDB2sXwiX-WFbMor1d6bEmMzkAUuQeXg7XxQKvovXXmsF8WnW_su-IVTqJ1NcrGl3cD8Bn_GNmE_MzPjPSqDPo2/s1600/over+view+of+khyber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrbUO-sCIqoDNU8zKlClZKx3mIxIzUcDCwnkfV7a5SHo_XxPlQ2wbOfdDB2sXwiX-WFbMor1d6bEmMzkAUuQeXg7XxQKvovXXmsF8WnW_su-IVTqJ1NcrGl3cD8Bn_GNmE_MzPjPSqDPo2/s320/over+view+of+khyber.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>In some versions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" title="Indo-Aryan migration">Aryan migration theory</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryans" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a> migrated to India via the Khyber Pass.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> Recorded invasions through the Khyber begin with the conquests of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and also include later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> invasions of South Asia, culminating with the establishment of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughul_Empire" title="Mughul Empire">Mughul Empire</a> from 1526. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> invaded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> from India and fought three Afghan Wars in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">1839-42</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">1878-80</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">1919</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Molesworth" title="George Molesworth">George Molesworth</a>, a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">British force of 1919</a>, summarised: "Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood." <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> called it "a sword cut through the mountains."<br />
Finally, Sikhs under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, in 1798 brought to an end the 800 years of foreign invasions into India through Khyber Pass, by bringing it under their control. This was the best gift the Sikhs gave to the nation which finally allowed the rest of India to breathe in peace. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a>, who manned the Khyber pass for years became a household name in Afghanistan.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khyber_chiefs_with_captain_tucker.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Khyber_chiefs_with_captain_tucker.jpg/220px-Khyber_chiefs_with_captain_tucker.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khyber_chiefs_with_captain_tucker.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Afghan chiefs and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> Political officer posed at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamrud" title="Jamrud">Jamrud</a> fort at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878.</div></div></div>To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullagori" title="Mullagori">Mullagori tribe</a>. To the south is Afridi <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah" title="Tirah">Tirah</a>, while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afridi_%28Pashtun%29" title="Afridi (Pashtun)">Afridi</a> clansmen. Throughout the centuries the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinwari_tribe" title="Shinwari tribe">Shinwaris</a>, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this has long been their main source of income, resistance to challenges to the Shinwaris' authority has often been fierce.<br />
For strategic reasons, after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War" title="First World War">First World War</a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> built a heavily engineered railway through the Pass. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_train_safari" title="Khyber train safari">Khyber Pass Railway</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamrud" title="Jamrud">Jamrud</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> border near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landi_Kotal" title="Landi Kotal">Landi Kotal</a> was opened in 1925.<br />
During <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> concrete "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_%28fortification%29" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">dragon’s teeth</a>" (tank obstacles) were erected on the valley floor due to British fears of a German tank invasion of India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The Pass became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who travelled it in the days of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">Hippie trail</a>, taking a bus or car from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to the Afghan border. At the Pakistani frontier post, travellers were advised not to wander away from the road, as the location was then a barely controlled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas" title="Federally Administered Tribal Areas">Federally Administered Tribal Area</a>. Then, after customs formalities, a quick daylight drive through the Pass was made. Monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway.<br />
The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making various types of weapons known to gun collectors as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass_Copy" title="Khyber Pass Copy">Khyber Pass Copies</a>, using local steel and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths'</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forges</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRmmjFX5q1mpd6WUCp8vGmXVXtQHY_MpFHlYaLaG4MqbyWDzOCJiOArfwIsc1kDWPvNd1aBNCDT_FHSHw9dc8UXVBN5DHsEWm6rIgDGqJwWKBDrGtdXIkulqBiCnr7tAJwEp15wRaNGec1/s1600/transport+to+afghaan+kheber+pass.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRmmjFX5q1mpd6WUCp8vGmXVXtQHY_MpFHlYaLaG4MqbyWDzOCJiOArfwIsc1kDWPvNd1aBNCDT_FHSHw9dc8UXVBN5DHsEWm6rIgDGqJwWKBDrGtdXIkulqBiCnr7tAJwEp15wRaNGec1/s320/transport+to+afghaan+kheber+pass.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_conflicts">Current conflicts</span></h3>During the current <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001-present%29" title="War in Afghanistan (2001-present)">war in Afghanistan</a>, the Khyber Pass has been a major route for resupplying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> forces in the Afghan theater of conflict. Recognizing this, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> attempted to choke off the route in late 2008 and early 2009, bringing the Taliban into conflict with the Pakistani government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In February 2009, a bridge 15 miles northwest of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> was blown up by militants presumably sympathetic to or sponsored by the Taliban. While it was not considered to be a major strategic blow to the allied war effort, it invigorated efforts to secure additional supply routes, some of which may ultimately run through Iran. However, the current general consensus is that the new supply route will pass through various central Asian republics to the north of Afghanistan.<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass#cite_note-7"><span></span></a>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-86377272922352151242011-06-08T09:50:00.000-07:002011-06-08T09:50:13.177-07:00Naltar Valley Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Naltar Valley</h1><b>Naltar</b> is a valley near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> region of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Naltar is 40 km (25 mi) from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> and can be reached by jeeps. Naltar is a forested (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>) village known for its wildlife and magnificent mountain scenery. Now the communication is available by the efforts of Pakistan army signal corps (SCO special communication organization). There are ski lifts under the 'Ski Federation of Pakistan'. Transport is available from Gilgit to Naltar but during a specific time after that own arrangement.<br />
There is a base camp of 'Pakistan Air Force' at Naltar. Ski Competitions are held at Naltar under the supervision of PAF. Naltar Bala and Naltar Pine are two villages of Naltar valley. N.Pine Is at a distance of 34 kilometers (21 mi) and Naltar Bala at 40 kilometers (25 mi) from Gilgit. There is a main village known as Nomal between Naltar valley and Gilgit. A road from Nomal goes to 'The Silk Route' To China. Recently government constructed an 18 MW hydropower project near Naltar Pine to fulfill the power requirement of the area as well as Gilgit. The road from Gilgit to Naltar Pine is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface#Metalling" title="Road surface">metalled</a> and is non-metalled from Naltar Pine to Naltar Bala.<br />
Education rate in this valley is too much poor. A government high school and an NLI public school is there at Naltar Bala and a middle school for girls is under construction.<br />
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</span></h2>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-44059860683051592112011-06-07T09:18:00.000-07:002011-06-07T09:18:10.633-07:00Makli Hill Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Makli Hill</h1>One of the largest <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolises</a> in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, <b>Makli Hill</b> is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saints. It is located on the outskirts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, the capital of lower <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sind</a> until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern province of present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli_Hill#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli_Hill#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> under the name, Historical Monuments of Thatta.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqOQNk9A7Yoj1mTNY1UbZnm0PEsIYGrDkI-K0Z4YJPhKVrMJCDLQ3GkEw1NShH_2oUhchJUL1gyLwzuUYUgH4XOv5SNwLRiEOSfby3waez_Utale942_xosVSLJMLyT48gwkxsG1Eucd1Y/s1600/makli+pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqOQNk9A7Yoj1mTNY1UbZnm0PEsIYGrDkI-K0Z4YJPhKVrMJCDLQ3GkEw1NShH_2oUhchJUL1gyLwzuUYUgH4XOv5SNwLRiEOSfby3waez_Utale942_xosVSLJMLyT48gwkxsG1Eucd1Y/s320/makli+pakistan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWv6QyNuXbKUBt9m6obNeyRui6DZ-sWHN8mbipNWzukvc5bsw3-S4iqn3Yvu1D7WZhAmnU2rwoCIwNjJB4cFaWS7FqpsxYa2SiQruQLogLvNC4W6qkEh2DDFRDX5BaGOOPbnERbCJFaueq/s1600/Makli.%252C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWv6QyNuXbKUBt9m6obNeyRui6DZ-sWHN8mbipNWzukvc5bsw3-S4iqn3Yvu1D7WZhAmnU2rwoCIwNjJB4cFaWS7FqpsxYa2SiQruQLogLvNC4W6qkEh2DDFRDX5BaGOOPbnERbCJFaueq/s1600/Makli.%252C.jpg" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>Legends abound about its inception, but it is generally believed that the cemetery grew around the shrine of the fourteenth-century Sufi, Hamad Jamali. The tombs and gravestones spread over the cemetery are material documents marking the social and political history of Sind.<br />
Imperial mausoleums are divided into two major groups, those from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_Dynasty" title="Samma Dynasty">Samma</a> (1352–1520) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a> (1556–1592) periods. The tomb of the Samma king, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Nizamuddin_II" title="Jam Nizamuddin II">Jam Nizamuddin II</a> (reigned 1461–1509), is an impressive square structure built of sandstone and decorated with floral and geometric medallions. Similar to this is the mausoleum of Isa Khan Tarkhan II (d. 1651), a two-story stone building with majestic cupolas and balconies. In contrast to the syncretic architecture of these two monuments, which integrate Hindu and Islamic motifs, are mausoleums that clearly show the Central Asian roots of the later dynasty. An example is the tomb of Jan Beg Tarkhan (d. 1600), a typical octagonal brick structure whose dome is covered in blue and turquoise glazed tiles. Today, Makli Hill is a United Nations World Heritage Site that is visited by both pilgrims and tourists.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwWNkR6e0y-DEwMPHFUeJtEeRx59IkDs7H-oLxcKptsBImB5xwZZf_D8n9KlL28UdxV_JFod7UPPUAXIhJnrg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-42992467260477074812011-06-06T07:50:00.000-07:002011-06-06T07:50:16.970-07:00Lake Manchar Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Lake Manchar</h1><b>Lake Manchar</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd"><b>منڇر ڍنڍ</b></span> ) is the largest freshwater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and one of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>'s largest. It is located west of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu District</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. The area of the lake fluctuates with the seasons from as little as 350 km² to as much as 520 km². The lake collects water from numerous small streams in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirthar_Mountains" title="Kirthar Mountains">Kirthar Mountains</a> and empties into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKgqc7LctjlihHVCmmtGsoCRqeo3wFrxbqZUl9IbXkHnjw2jNY6SzFSkx5kKzKYEq4yZKwtYBoT60Akj_Txnp7cqKA2-vzL848yBeRBmx1R-xSY40P9I7ahlvDznwahScdns454pSY4Bkc/s1600/MANCHAR+LAKE+%252C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKgqc7LctjlihHVCmmtGsoCRqeo3wFrxbqZUl9IbXkHnjw2jNY6SzFSkx5kKzKYEq4yZKwtYBoT60Akj_Txnp7cqKA2-vzL848yBeRBmx1R-xSY40P9I7ahlvDznwahScdns454pSY4Bkc/s320/MANCHAR+LAKE+%252C.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>The lake was created in the 1930s when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur_Barrage" title="Sukkur Barrage">Sukkur Barrage</a> was constructed on the river Indus. The lake is fed by two canals, the Aral and the Danister from the river Indus. Until recently the lake supported thousands of fisherfolk, near village Kot Lashari Bobak railway station,who depended on the freshwater fish they caught in the lake. However, the lake is now undergoing environmental degradation resulting in the water becoming saline and killing off the fish and forcing the fisherfolk to look elsewhere for employment.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDBmUzKrfChjb03aQ3xLkxqq-vj4pfkGh2UOkVI4_vcSyL9ASrXHSLjG18DTBotaRCqWyI1t4gFSdJerWT8u44F-1DvIX7wrN2jYq-mvetSvxkrROWRYNSuI6MsD5UZb_6DdO_dzXmN3i6/s1600/Near+of+lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDBmUzKrfChjb03aQ3xLkxqq-vj4pfkGh2UOkVI4_vcSyL9ASrXHSLjG18DTBotaRCqWyI1t4gFSdJerWT8u44F-1DvIX7wrN2jYq-mvetSvxkrROWRYNSuI6MsD5UZb_6DdO_dzXmN3i6/s1600/Near+of+lake.jpg" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_Degradation">Environmental Degradation </span></h2>The degradation has been occurring for a long time but only recently have the effects been felt. The diversion of water from the Indus and a diminished storm runoff from the Kirthar mountains have contributed to the reduction in fresh water supplies. At the same time, saline drainage water from agricultural fields in surrounding areas has started to flow into Lake Manchar. However between 16 August and 22 August 2009, 700 cu ft/s (20 m<sup>3</sup>/s) of water was introduced in the lake via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manchar#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The lake was a stop-off on the Indus flyway for Siberian migratory birds, but recently the numbers have fallen from 25,000 birds counted in 1988 to just 2,800 bird counted in 2002, because the lake no longer provides the birds' main food, the lake fish. In the place of the birds, the lake now hosts a saline water reed.<br />
The lake also provided large volumes of water for irrigation but this has also been reduced and has resulted in a great reduction in the area irrigated by the lake.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhAsZYQIvt9l2V1xdvuAu_mK-rTHPEoLGc1IG36KSLS_IXrD2MW4ApF5AgH-O8FGe927dEzNWkUIYsZisUj2Xp3geBs6Q_GBayDasUjZxXq0rJgky-O-MnzOC-eyKTVU27bvwd37MoMJxT/s1600/Water+leve+lshootsupin+Manchar+Lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhAsZYQIvt9l2V1xdvuAu_mK-rTHPEoLGc1IG36KSLS_IXrD2MW4ApF5AgH-O8FGe927dEzNWkUIYsZisUj2Xp3geBs6Q_GBayDasUjZxXq0rJgky-O-MnzOC-eyKTVU27bvwd37MoMJxT/s320/Water+leve+lshootsupin+Manchar+Lake.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Population">Population</span></h2>Nowadays, Lake Manchar is populated by the houseboat people of Mohana.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyd_J4QFnZ-CNLUH7M46IcVQH8mIAfFKPkhUQd2DkmyM4DPjN55RxLv4pbM9SFLSleV8MB0DVQ70yJfoW1n9w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-37142953288973658302011-06-04T08:42:00.000-07:002011-06-04T08:42:57.269-07:00Rohtas Fort Pakistan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5DbdNT-8j76YTw0zLF3oPM0bTPEAXFI6vOSipYyTaba3fJi54nIK2g0VvM1S-r4kM2Y0laOIb_rc6B64p2SaoPg7AlfeCb0AvVs65eeAt0FqB7ON2oajbWWyEcepuNFoXdAuFGO5y2dC/s1600/Rohtas_View_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ5DbdNT-8j76YTw0zLF3oPM0bTPEAXFI6vOSipYyTaba3fJi54nIK2g0VvM1S-r4kM2Y0laOIb_rc6B64p2SaoPg7AlfeCb0AvVs65eeAt0FqB7ON2oajbWWyEcepuNFoXdAuFGO5y2dC/s1600/Rohtas_View_4.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy1TndaIqpHTDrqFD5AuceS4fnaZ2AlpDJ5R2L5wFAPKPfsVhB5P3TrDY9QpdOJAKoUNqbnLYCxWklDzPwXikvHx1IvGkN1h75pEOK8kFCy2CY5WQAm6mfKfjYK877_R4P690QNPxvoTe7/s1600/rohtas-fort.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy1TndaIqpHTDrqFD5AuceS4fnaZ2AlpDJ5R2L5wFAPKPfsVhB5P3TrDY9QpdOJAKoUNqbnLYCxWklDzPwXikvHx1IvGkN1h75pEOK8kFCy2CY5WQAm6mfKfjYK877_R4P690QNPxvoTe7/s1600/rohtas-fort.jpg" /></a></div><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Rohtas Fort</h1><b>Rohtas Fort</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur">قلعہ روہتاس</span> <i>Qila Rohtas</i>) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pukhtun and Hindu architecture in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimEzzkiKM-MD7_pTJEK4jF-KEBjD3mORXqS3pGZDSXlj5YTuWSXeDWLTU3hyDROq6wVvDZIPkaZcBxz2ufenW1xTkuapv1JTW_4nrr1ySH2dgxTdjdLnb2y2DwIm3UUXyARRgrjzHxv8VQ/s1600/-Rani_Mahal_Rohtas_Fort.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimEzzkiKM-MD7_pTJEK4jF-KEBjD3mORXqS3pGZDSXlj5YTuWSXeDWLTU3hyDROq6wVvDZIPkaZcBxz2ufenW1xTkuapv1JTW_4nrr1ySH2dgxTdjdLnb2y2DwIm3UUXyARRgrjzHxv8VQ/s320/-Rani_Mahal_Rohtas_Fort.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxsa3K2TiuGd4T7jF5M-ur_CwUFgNj2xC98tP5S6NGHKfRzYr2fdSAlTSK5_XqHmCWfXCUc3QkbMhqAc4HxxlUf37wViWuo7YKqzStXV_PWxzKfHBgaIRmwXfR0uZuT0RlZAizraAYRh12/s1600/rohtas+fort.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxsa3K2TiuGd4T7jF5M-ur_CwUFgNj2xC98tP5S6NGHKfRzYr2fdSAlTSK5_XqHmCWfXCUc3QkbMhqAc4HxxlUf37wViWuo7YKqzStXV_PWxzKfHBgaIRmwXfR0uZuT0RlZAizraAYRh12/s320/rohtas+fort.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name_of_fort">Name of fort</span></h2>Sher Shah Suri named Qila Rohtas after the famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtasgarh_Fort" title="Rohtasgarh Fort">Rohtasgarh Fort</a> in Shahabad district near <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baharkunda&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Baharkunda (page does not exist)">Baharkunda</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hari_Krishan_Rai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hari Krishan Rai (page does not exist)">Hari Krishan Rai</a> in 1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son, 20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harish Chandra of the Solar dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the fort (Rohtasgarh) was named.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44J1mcK87B0yC9RKpl9LsLEPjj_ZN2aYMUY-dxcX_UWoct1Nlg-EnCO1csL0FINYX9xMsVOM327jxyZoGkqp8hZgbWryJkeAy-mD0-xwJJ-dp7Cf451drOgMI1u0ND4AMOWz2o1dGNaz5/s1600/rohtas+qila.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44J1mcK87B0yC9RKpl9LsLEPjj_ZN2aYMUY-dxcX_UWoct1Nlg-EnCO1csL0FINYX9xMsVOM327jxyZoGkqp8hZgbWryJkeAy-mD0-xwJJ-dp7Cf451drOgMI1u0ND4AMOWz2o1dGNaz5/s320/rohtas+qila.jpg" width="254" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Qn9n-56hVKJu2ou374LgzIyVAZkImup8c6jYPUYyP1KRkwP8yS87MctJ5BlNs3fItfKEqodi5LdJYCSTh_T07WXmSF1xeMyum8Yjrk5O6yTgKeUQoW-s7-j2MJv6z-gm35L0PufLmZpG/s1600/rohtas+old.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Qn9n-56hVKJu2ou374LgzIyVAZkImup8c6jYPUYyP1KRkwP8yS87MctJ5BlNs3fItfKEqodi5LdJYCSTh_T07WXmSF1xeMyum8Yjrk5O6yTgKeUQoW-s7-j2MJv6z-gm35L0PufLmZpG/s320/rohtas+old.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidFYmYISMIhIC5eiP6b8gMFoxamqUheCw3Ik9aCq5iud8spdkNCwvA_DS2dyAZRnse8QTweGv7R-1CAjkLxhntoZQt68n9KNNO8jdDy05Z6X4TzcnFItpxR4jH9E7enfkBhIdq6gWl2nq8/s1600/rohtas+pak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidFYmYISMIhIC5eiP6b8gMFoxamqUheCw3Ik9aCq5iud8spdkNCwvA_DS2dyAZRnse8QTweGv7R-1CAjkLxhntoZQt68n9KNNO8jdDy05Z6X4TzcnFItpxR4jH9E7enfkBhIdq6gWl2nq8/s320/rohtas+pak.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reasons_of_construction">Reasons of construction</span></h2>Sher Shah constructed Qila Rohtas to block <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Emperor Humayun</a>'s return to India after defeating him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT road between the North (Afghanistan) to the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore. The other reason was to suppress the local tribe of this region <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potohar" title="Potohar">Potohar</a> called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a> who were allies of Humayun and refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. The Emperor instructed the local <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjua_Rajput" title="Janjua Rajput">Janjua Rajput</a> tribe to help construct the fort to crush the Gakhars<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtas_Fort#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> when the latter became openly defiant and persecuting labourers who attended the construction.<br />
The Fort was built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todar_Mal" title="Todar Mal">Todar Mal</a> under orders of Sher Shah.<br />
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<tr> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">Sher Sháh threatened to construct such a fort in that country that it should not only effectually restrain the Ghakkars, but also the passage of the Mughals. He therefore himself made a tour through the hills of Girjhák Ninduna [mountains circumjacent], * and finding a fit spot, he laid the foundations of the fort, which he called Rohtás.<br />
Besides that, he sent a large force against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_%28Indian%29" title="Rai (Indian)">Ráí</a> Sárang, the Ghakkar, and not only was the country subdued, and the hill of Balnáth plundered, which was then the residence of the Dárogha of that tract, but the daughter of its chief was taken prisoner, and conducted before Sher Sháh, who presented her to Khawás Khán; upon which Ráí Sárang, they relate, sent a quantity of [hemp] blankets and millet to Sher Sháh, with the remark that in such only consisted their raiment and food, besides which they could afford nothing; according to others, he sent a lion's skin and some [arrows] spears, which he said was their only property. With this conduct, however, Sher Sháh was by no means satisfied. Sárang [Sárang's troops] being weakened by [skirmishes] the attacks of the holy warriors, and greatly reduced and straitened, submitted himself in person to Sher Sháh, who ordered him to be flayed alive, and his skin to be filled with straw, and so pay the penalty of his misdeeds.<br />
Sher Sháh issued farmáns to complete the fortifications of Rohtás; but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todar_Mal" title="Todar Mal">Todar</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> represented that the Ghakkars, to whom that country belonged, would not allow any one to work for wages; and that they had agreed amongst themselves, upon oath, to expatriate every person that should contravene their wishes. Sher Sháh, in answer, told him [that he should not be allowed to give up that work, which he only wished to do in consequence of his greediness for gold]* that the work did not seem to advance under his superintendence, and that a man who was fond of money, and was alarmed about disbursing it, would never accomplish the king's designs.<br />
Todar, on the reception of this fresh command, fixed first a golden ashrafí as the enormous remuneration for one stone, which induced the [Kakers] Ghakkars to flock to him in such numbers that afterwards a stone was paid with a rupee, and this pay gradually fell to five tankas, till the fortress was completed.*<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtas_Fort#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
</td> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Location">Location</span></h2>Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 16 km NW of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_%28City%29" title="Jhelum (City)">Jhelum</a> and 7 km from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_City" title="Dina City">Dina</a>. It was constructed on a hillock where the tiny <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan" title="Kahan">Kahan</a> river meets another rainy stream called <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parnal_Khas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Parnal Khas (page does not exist)">Parnal Khas</a> and turns east towards <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilla_Jogian" title="Tilla Jogian">Tilla Jogian</a> Range. The fort is about 300 feet (91 m) above its surroundings. It is 2660 feet (818 m) above sea level and covers an area of 12.63 acres (51,100 m<sup>2</sup>).<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_gates">The gates</span></h2>The Rohtas Fort has the following 12 gates. All of them are built in ashlar stone.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sohail_Gate">Sohail Gate</span></h3>This gate is the best example of masonry in use in the time of Sher Shah. It derives its name from a Saint names Sohail Bukhari buried in the south-western bastion of the gate. Others say that it was names after the Sohail Star which rises on this side of the fort.<br />
It is a double gate rectangular in shape. It is 21.34 meters (70 ft) high, 20.73 meters (68 ft) wide and 15 meters (50 ft) deep. The central archway is 4.72 meters (15 ft) wide. It has an inner and an outer arch which is decorated with beautiful and simple motifs of sunflower. This decoration is repeated in all parts of the Qila.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sohail_Gate.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="113" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sohail_Gate.jpg/150px-Sohail_Gate.jpg" width="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sohail_Gate.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Sohail Gate</div></div></div>There are balconies on either side of the central arch. These balconies have a small dome and their sides and bottom are also decorated. Unlike other parts of the Qila which has been built in Afghan-Persian style, the balcony is an example of Hindu architecture. These same balconies can be seen in Haveli Man Singh. There is a small window in the middle of the outer arch. This window is different from the two balconies to either side of the outer arch. It is much simpler that these two balconies.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 102px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sohail_Gate_Closeup.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="85" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sohail_Gate_Closeup.jpg/100px-Sohail_Gate_Closeup.jpg" width="100" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sohail_Gate_Closeup.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Sohail Gate Closeup</div></div></div>There are seven merlons on this gate. The bastions are with battlements which have loopholes. These bastions have three levels on the inside. These can be seen if one zooms in the Sohail Gate picture.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 82px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sohail_Gate_Balcony.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="121" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sohail_Gate_Balcony.jpg/80px-Sohail_Gate_Balcony.jpg" width="80" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sohail_Gate_Balcony.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Sohail Gate Balcony</div></div></div>The inner side of the gate mirrors the outside but has less decoration. There are no battlements towards the inside and no balconies either. The rooms in the upper storey of this gate have windows that open towards the inside of the Qila. Like the outer arch there is a small window in the middle of the inner arch. The gate now houses a Visitors information center and a Museum set up by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shah_Chandwali_Gate">Shah Chandwali Gate</span></h3>This gate links the citadel to the main fort. It is named after a Saint <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Chandwali&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shah Chandwali (page does not exist)">Shah Chandwali</a> who refused to get his wages for working on this gate. The saint died while still on work and was buried near the gate. His shrine still stands to this day.<br />
<br />
This gate is also a double gate. The outer gate, the entrance of which is from the citadel is 13.3 meters wide and 8.23 meters deep. The inner gate is a simple archway which is 3.66 meters wide.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kabuli_Gate">Kabuli Gate</span></h3>This gate opens to the west and is named “Kabuli” because it faces Kabul. It is a double gate and its opening is 3.15 meters (10 ft) wide. It has two bastions on each side. The gate has 5 battlements on top and has stairs leading up to it from the outside. On the southern side of the gate is the Shahi (Royal) Mosque because of which many people also call it Shahi (Royal) Darwaza (Gate or Door). There is a Baoli near this gate<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shishi_Gate">Shishi Gate</span></h3>he gate derives its name from the beautiful glazed tiles used to decorate its outer arch. These tiles are the earliest examples of this technique which was later refined in Lahore. These tiles are blue in color. An inscription on the left side of the gate gives the date of construction of the fort. The inscription is in Persian and is translated as follows<br />
<i>In the Hijri Year 948 came the exalted</i><br />
<i>At that time constructed the great fort</i><br />
<i>The emperor is Sher, with long life</i><br />
<i>There is no match to his good fortune</i><br />
<i>It was completed by Shahu Sultan</i><br />
The Hijri year 948 is 1541 CE.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Langar_Khani_Gate">Langar Khani Gate</span></h3>It is a double gate 15.25 meters (50 ft) high, 3.5 meters (11.5 ft) wide with a central arched opening. The oouter arch has a small window like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtas_Fort#Sohail_Gate">Sohail Gate</a>. The outer opening leads to a Langar Khana (Mess or Canteen).<br />
There are two bastions on either side of the gate which have kitchen, stores and a well for water. The opening of this gate is L shaped. As soon as one enters from the outer gate one has to turn right.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Talaqi_Gate">Talaqi Gate</span></h3>This gate is 15.25 meter high and 13.8 meter wide with two bastions on either side. This gates name derives from “Talaq” (divorce). According to a legend, Prince Sabir Suri entered the gate and had an attack of fever which proved fatal. This was regarded as a bad omen and the name became “Talaqi”.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ8X81iqwkFL9_wK7rjdn_pKlZBiVpSYEpQHcCyw3-wenSizxhO-lYbqcgX-wcSzrODPATge1C_bnIj2IpJIyokbSbVrxDd9Oo3bpuvhWhojhGkWUwFAn9CpfwE-wqIbZGIVCROUJyWYbG/s1600/travel+photo+of+rahtaz+qilia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ8X81iqwkFL9_wK7rjdn_pKlZBiVpSYEpQHcCyw3-wenSizxhO-lYbqcgX-wcSzrODPATge1C_bnIj2IpJIyokbSbVrxDd9Oo3bpuvhWhojhGkWUwFAn9CpfwE-wqIbZGIVCROUJyWYbG/s320/travel+photo+of+rahtaz+qilia.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="How_to_visit">How to visit</span></h2><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="From_Islamabad">From Islamabad</span></h3>The dual-carriage <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> takes you past Gujar Khan and Sohawa, to the small town of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_City" title="Dina City">Dina</a> 130 km away. Just past Dina you will drive over a railway overpass, stay to the right of the road and take the first U-turn to drive back towards Dina. After about 100 meters to your left you will find a signpost, which indicates the way towards the road leading to Rohtas Fort which is 8 km away, past the small holy village of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muftian" title="Muftian">Muftian</a> home to the Mufti Tribe. Drive on the road to enter into the fort and keep driving till you reach the parking area.<br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="From_Lahore">From Lahore</span></h3>Drive on G.T road past <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazirabad" title="Wazirabad">Wazirabad</a> and the city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_%28City%29" title="Jhelum (City)">Jhelum</a>. About 10 minutes drive beyond the Jhelum bridge just short of the city of Dina, you will find a signpost to the left directing you to Rohtas Fort.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz1CdmlQiCPa0Ytj-8kq8-lJHUzXsLmJIA-Zehx4uVCWD0GA0GS-V8WsD895L9KJKfMceaneo0Dvyxc_ebSHw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxCDTrrmrgY6uud9o4KSNyOjgv60KZVqqnCEAR_-ZcKueR6Xd8zl4Vpvb99c5g8qhN09_jesFZ4Eb-zym_TPg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-13723143259221463902011-06-03T08:07:00.000-07:002011-06-03T08:07:04.030-07:00Chilas Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Chilas</h1><b>Chilas</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur">چلاس</span>) is a small town located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> on the left side of river Indus. It is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> connected by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> which links it to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in the south via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassu" title="Dassu">Dassu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur,_Pakistan" title="Haripur, Pakistan">Haripur</a>. In the north, Chilas is connected to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkurgan_Town" title="Tashkurgan Town">Tashkurgan</a> via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sust" title="Sust">Sust</a> and the Khunjerab pass.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_petroglyphs">Ancient petroglyphs</span></h2>There are more than 50,000 pieces of rock art (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>) and inscriptions all along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areas" title="Northern Areas">Northern Areas</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> that are concentrated at ten major sites between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shatial&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shatial (page does not exist)">Shatial</a>, more have been found in the area of Skardu and Shigar (in Shigar even the remains of a Buddhist monastery were found in 1984 by Jettmar and Thewalt). The carvings were left by various invaders, traders and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> who passed along the trade route, as well as by locals. The earliest date back to between 5000 and 1000 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>, showing single animals, triangular men and hunting scenes in which the animals sometimes are larger than the hunters. These <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">carvings</a> were pecked into the rocks with stone tools and are covered with a thick <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> that proves their age. Later - mostly Buddhist - carvings were sometimes executed with a sharp chisel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilas#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>.<br />
The ethnologist <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Jettmar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karl Jettmar (page does not exist)">Karl Jettmar</a> has tried to piece together the history of the area from various inscriptions and recorded his findings in "Rockcarvings and Inscriptions in the Northern Areas of Pakistan" and the later released "Between Gandhara and the Silk Roads -- Rock carvings along the Karakoram Highway".<br />
It is interesting to note that the Kharoshthi term "Kaboa" ( or Kamboa) appears in a short commemorative <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription" title="Inscription">inscription</a> found from Chilas as reported by the Archaeological Department of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The inscription has been transcribed, translated and interpreted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Ahmad Hasan Dani</a>, a Pakistani archaeologist, historian, and linguist, who was among the foremost authorities on South Asian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and history. According to Dani, Kaboa or Kamboa of the inscription is a Kharoshthised form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Kamboja <i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilas#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilas#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>. Thus, it seems likely that Chilas also formed part of ancient Kamboja kingdom.</i><br />
Chilas comes under Gilgit-Baltistan. The weather is hot and dry in the summer and dry and cold in the winter. It can be reached through Karakoram highway and also from the Kaghan valley passing over the Babusar Pass. Chilas is situated on the left bank of the mighty river Indus. Foreigners may need permission to travel in Chilas.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpJygWrKDnM3CRlbPiuXlbDnFMq0pFQcRuyj-FZGqS1ldO-cBtJ1LUQFOlqQ9ssRILS2GezdPee07jIAa1G8_UVhd1QRlp_BncDyZHkPKxOB7cBYRe3rFKoZtFVRLK0kBi3vxF2UsYsBY/s1600/rock_art-chilas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpJygWrKDnM3CRlbPiuXlbDnFMq0pFQcRuyj-FZGqS1ldO-cBtJ1LUQFOlqQ9ssRILS2GezdPee07jIAa1G8_UVhd1QRlp_BncDyZHkPKxOB7cBYRe3rFKoZtFVRLK0kBi3vxF2UsYsBY/s320/rock_art-chilas.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parri_Bangla" title="Parri Bangla">Parri Bangla</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Areas" title="Northern Areas">Northern Areas</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilas_Airport" title="Chilas Airport">Chilas Airport</a></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyjxjO0Cn5bAVMIABxR-_sLTy6Oten2vbKU4jc6YY4e9XvbeZqJxG8dil3WpJK8NRNsEiA4sqgv2uhSkOq2bQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-4418040332206352232011-06-02T07:59:00.000-07:002011-06-02T07:59:15.572-07:00Lahore Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Lahore</h1><b>Lahore</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur"><span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">لاہور</span></span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa"><span lang="und-Arab" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq',IranNastaliq,'Nafees Nastaleeq','Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01','Pak Nastaleeq',PDMS_Jauhar; font-size: 125%;" title="Nasta'liq">لہور</span></span>; <small>pronounced </small><span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Hindi and Urdu">[laːˈɦɔːr]</a></span><small> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(<img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" /> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/57/Lahore_pronunciation.ogg" title="Lahore pronunciation.ogg">listen</a>)</span></small>) is the capital of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Pakistan" title="Subdivisions of Pakistan">province</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28Pakistani_province%29" title="Punjab (Pakistani province)">Punjab</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populated_metropolitan_areas_in_Pakistan" title="List of most populated metropolitan areas in Pakistan">second largest</a> city in Pakistan, after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>. The city lies along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi River</a>, situated approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a> border crossing and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) from the Indian city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>.<br />
Historically, Lahore has been a center of cultural heritage for many civilizations. It successively served as regional capital of the empires of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi" title="Shahi">Shahi</a> kingdoms in the 11th century, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> in the 12th century, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids" title="Ghurids">Ghurid State</a> in the 12th and 13th century, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in the 16th century, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> extending from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globalsec_15-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-globalsec-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Mughal structures such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_%28Lahore%29" title="Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)">Shalimar Gardens</a>, and the mausolea of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jehangir</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Jehan" title="Nur Jehan">Nur Jehan</a> are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> colonial structures built in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" title="Indo-Saracenic">Mughal-Gothic</a> style, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Museum" title="Lahore Museum">Lahore Museum</a> and many older universities including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Zoo" title="Lahore Zoo">Lahore Zoo</a>, world's third oldest zoo, is also situated here.<br />
Lahore is also referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan as it hosts most of the arts, cuisine, festivals, film making, music, gardening and intelligentsia of the country. Lahore is also known for its affiliation with poets and artists; it has the largest number of educational institutions in the country and some of the finest gardens in the continent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globalsec_15-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-globalsec-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Lahore has been a centre for publications and to date holds that distinction as more than 80 percent of books in Pakistan and remains the centre of literary, educational and cultural activity in Pakistan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> It is also an important religious center as it is a home to many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temples_in_Lahore" title="Temples in Lahore">temples</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosques_of_Lahore" title="Mosques of Lahore">mosques</a> and shrines like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Durbar_Complex" title="Data Durbar Complex">Data Durbar Complex</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
According to the 1998 census, Lahore's population was 6,318,745.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> A mid-2006 government estimate now puts the population at approximately 10 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> It is ranked 40 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of urban areas by population">most populated urban areas</a> in the world and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organization_of_the_Islamic_Conference_member_countries" title="List of largest cities in Organization of the Islamic Conference member countries">8th largest city within the Organization of the Islamic Conference</a>. In 2008, Lahore was ranked as a city with High Sufficiency to become a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Gamma world city</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010 it was ranked by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> as the 2nd Best Tourist Destination in Pakistan.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpVT9ELEQJ47tyVOF97NdvzLWnqJmS6cOhfX7R-oCI7Zxo0NHVTLKl54Fg4ma2cHxS9R4b8wl_TlBqJdupgHGUpDqoUD8OEYJzP04AjSE1QcC95lRUFchyphenhyphenKg11i1ejV1vZR-HV5ZLTtKZV/s1600/data-darbar+lahore+pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpVT9ELEQJ47tyVOF97NdvzLWnqJmS6cOhfX7R-oCI7Zxo0NHVTLKl54Fg4ma2cHxS9R4b8wl_TlBqJdupgHGUpDqoUD8OEYJzP04AjSE1QcC95lRUFchyphenhyphenKg11i1ejV1vZR-HV5ZLTtKZV/s320/data-darbar+lahore+pakistan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span></h3>A legend based on oral traditions holds that Lahore, known in ancient times as <i>Lavapuri</i> ("City of Lava" in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> was founded by Prince <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_%28Ramayana%29" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a> or Loh,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> the son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasur" title="Kasur">Kasur</a> was founded by his twin brother Prince <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusha_%28Ramayana%29" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> To this day, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> has a vacant temple dedicated to Lava (also pronounced Loh, hence <i>Loh-awar</i> or "The Fort of Loh").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, the celebrated 2nd-century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, mentions in his <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia" title="Geographia">Geographia</a></i> a city called <i>Labokla</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> situated on the route between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and Palibothra, or Pataliputra (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>) mostly, in a tract of country called Kasperia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>). It was described as extending along the rivers Bidastes or <i>Vitasta</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>), Sandabal or <i>Chandra Bhaga</i> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab" title="Chenab">Chenab</a>), and Adris or <i>Iravati</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>). This city may have been ancient Lahore.<br />
The oldest authentic document about Lahore was written anonymously in 982. It is called <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud_ul-%27alam_min_al-mashriq_ila_al-maghrib" title="Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib">Hudud-i-Alam</a></i> (The Regions of the World).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1927 it was translated into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Fedorovich_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky">Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky</a> and published in Lahore. In this document, Lahore is mentioned as a <i>shehr</i> or town inhabited by infidels<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards." It refers to "two major markets around which dwellings exist," and it also mentions "the mud walls that enclose these two dwellings to make it one." The original document is currently held in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Lahore was called by different names throughout history. To date there is no conclusive evidence as to when it was founded. Some historians trace the history of the city as far back as 4000 years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> However, historically, it has been proved that Lahore is at least 2,000 years old. Hieun-tsang, the famous Chinese pilgrim has given a vivid description of Lahore which he visited in the early parts of the 7th century AD. Lying on the main trade and invasion routes to South Asia, Lahore has been ruled and plundered by a number of dynasties and hordes.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwuAMUIH5lLJXVHzHGRe23fyK8HwIOD50intFi1TzLrLOpzCBMFmSk6OTN_2OiOnms24_4TuqAtMl5OnSU4KBgnI5Mpz5xzEcE7wwDRVKZF71AvvNfJaSVKGHHMiB85dPdXjKTG_qzGrom/s1600/allama+iqbal+international+Airport-Lahore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunXzFP3Kz5Yqt5Sj2iQtkWgm4JAyYhVLyMw56Fdi9lzXj1uztvJv3URfDbHVxxEOmwOJs-7vKvOzvGf9IOULZDgxLuTvvW_6zVjxIMMBBHSNkS3UBnb1hYLEIxJWU1VoaQHXKW-2xM1uH/s1600/Lahore+-+Pakistan+Railway+Headquarters+-+Exterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgunXzFP3Kz5Yqt5Sj2iQtkWgm4JAyYhVLyMw56Fdi9lzXj1uztvJv3URfDbHVxxEOmwOJs-7vKvOzvGf9IOULZDgxLuTvvW_6zVjxIMMBBHSNkS3UBnb1hYLEIxJWU1VoaQHXKW-2xM1uH/s320/Lahore+-+Pakistan+Railway+Headquarters+-+Exterior.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">ALLAMA IQBAL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LAHORE.</span><br />
AIR HAS NAMED BY ALLAMA IQBAL WHO IS OUR POITER<br />
VERY VERY BEUTYFULL AIRPORT<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> LAHORE CITY MAP</span><br />
ONLY FOR CITY<br />
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mughal_Era">Mughal Era</span></h3>Lahore reached the zenith of its glory during the Mughal rule from 1524 to 1752. The Mughals, who were famous as builders, gave Lahore some of its finest architectural monuments, many of which are extant today.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wazir_Khan_Masjid_2007.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wazir_Khan_Masjid_2007.jpg/220px-Wazir_Khan_Masjid_2007.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wazir_Khan_Masjid_2007.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jehangir_Tomb3.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jehangir_Tomb3.jpg/220px-Jehangir_Tomb3.jpg" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jehangir_Tomb3.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jehangir's</a> mausoleum in Shahdara, Lahore</div></div></div>From 1524 to 1752, Lahore was part of the Mughal Empire. Lahore grew under emperor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>; from 1584 to 1598, under the emperors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> the Great and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, the city served as the empire's capital. Lahore reached the peak of its architectural glory during the rule of the Mughals, many of whose buildings and gardens have survived the ravages of time. Lahore's reputation for beauty fascinated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, who wrote "Agra and Lahore, the Seat of the Great Mughal" in 1670.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> During this time, the massive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> was built. A few buildings within the fort were added by Akbar's son, Mughal emperor Jahangir, who is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">buried</a> in the city. Jahangir's son, Shahjahan Burki, was born in Lahore. He, like his father, extended the Lahore Fort and built many other structures in the city, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_%28Lahore%29" title="Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)">Shalimar Gardens</a>. The last of the great Mughals, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who ruled from 1658 to 1707, built the city's most famous monuments, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid" title="Badshahi Masjid">Badshahi Masjid</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgiri_Gate" title="Alamgiri Gate">Alamgiri Gate</a> next to the Lahore Fort.<br />
During the 17th century, as Mughal power dwindled, Lahore was often invaded, and government authority was lacking. The great Punjabi poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Shah" title="Waris Shah">Baba Waris Shah</a> said of the situation, <i>"khada peeta wahy da, baqi Ahmad Shahy da"</i> — "we have nothing with us except what we eat and wear, all other things are for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah</a>". Ahmad Shah Durrani captured remnants of the Mughal Empire and had consolidated control over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> regions by 1761.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The 1740s were years of chaos, and the city had nine different governors between 1745 and 1756. Invasions and chaos in local government allowed bands of warring Sikhs to gain control in some areas. The Sikhs were gaining momentum at an enormous rate. In 1801, the twelve Sikh <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misl" title="Misl">misls</a> joined into one to form a new empire and sovereign Sikh state ruled by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfsT-THhareXETjgiaQhui7PPnU19KW1n8JvEVJK5_DVIn-6RVDNIDlZQ_tdDlNyDwMHh8B1WxEBWCHzfY9YPWGnnptmSlycWiRD4I0Fs5bOpU4aGqOWGsded_Iy-WZHS1tLt75qK72_v/s1600/uet+lahore+pakistan.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfsT-THhareXETjgiaQhui7PPnU19KW1n8JvEVJK5_DVIn-6RVDNIDlZQ_tdDlNyDwMHh8B1WxEBWCHzfY9YPWGnnptmSlycWiRD4I0Fs5bOpU4aGqOWGsded_Iy-WZHS1tLt75qK72_v/s320/uet+lahore+pakistan.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Population">Population</span></h3>According to the 1998 census, Lahore's population was 6,318,745. Mid-2006 government estimates put the population at somewhere around 10 million, which makes it the second largest city in Pakistan, after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be one of the 30 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_cities_of_the_world" title="Largest cities of the world">largest cities of the world</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h3><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> is the native language of the province and is the most widely spoken language in Lahore. Punjabi is the primary means of communication in both the city and adjoining rural areas. Punjabi has no official status in Lahore and some Punjabi activists has raised demands for recoginition of Punjabi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ma_boli_rally_Lahore_96-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-Ma_boli_rally_Lahore-96"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has become increasingly popular with educated and younger people due to its official status in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">government</a> and preferred language status for business. Many Punjabi speakers in Lahore are known as <i>Majha Dialect Of Punjabi</i>. According to the 1998 census, 86.2% or 6,896,000 of the population are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_people" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</a>; 10.2% or 816,000 are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> speakers and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraikis" title="Seraikis">Seraikis</a>, at 0.4%, number about 32,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore#cite_note-21"><span></span></a>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-84220101326506469352011-06-01T08:38:00.000-07:002011-06-01T08:38:35.136-07:00Gilgit Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"> </h1><br />
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Gilgit</h1><br />
<b>Gilgit</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a>: گلگت, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>: गिलगित) is the capital city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Gilgit City forms a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Tehsil" title="Gilgit Tehsil">Gilgit</a>, within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_District" title="Gilgit District">Gilgit District</a>. Its ancient name was <i>Sargin</i>, later to be known as <i>Gilit</i>, and it is still called <i>Gilit</i> or <i>Sargin-Gilit</i> by local people. In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burushaski_language" title="Burushaski language">Burushaski language</a>, it is named <i>Geelt</i> and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a> it is called <i>Gilt</i>. <i>Ghallata</i> is considered its name in ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature. Gilgit City is one of the two major hubs in the Northern Areas for mountaineering expeditions to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> and other the peaks in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the other hub being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGlK5dbd4r2Y0xnxmImjSU1gQGrFwaHw7FF34Q_wqiKlxGWUGr2zH6NK1iEgnHL6_3NrdvykeTzOwEs-X1aDCzufgneLXZM1Us_SsAhvyFFqhoUpXr1j_kXo1-fTpbxLKTBCPn7LN45zno/s1600/Gilgit+Baltistan+Pakistan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGlK5dbd4r2Y0xnxmImjSU1gQGrFwaHw7FF34Q_wqiKlxGWUGr2zH6NK1iEgnHL6_3NrdvykeTzOwEs-X1aDCzufgneLXZM1Us_SsAhvyFFqhoUpXr1j_kXo1-fTpbxLKTBCPn7LN45zno/s320/Gilgit+Baltistan+Pakistan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>Gilgit was an important city on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, along which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was spread from South Asia to the rest of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard_people" title="Dard people">Dards</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a> appear in many of the old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Pauranic</a> lists of peoples who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s accounts of the region. Two famous travellers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, traversed Gilgit according to their accounts.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSN-xP4IL_kUgtt8zHZTW9pUeFsySziOZAKetyiXjpTW1UNQyjNnopYpNcjtZjjQ6T1azX0XPF7QdGKav0juZwypystF8zM1dn63Nww60IkdEuUM3kbdFJd3noAE0B2_khJx3U2NpzSaXA/s1600/bagrote-fairi-lake+gilgit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSN-xP4IL_kUgtt8zHZTW9pUeFsySziOZAKetyiXjpTW1UNQyjNnopYpNcjtZjjQ6T1azX0XPF7QdGKav0juZwypystF8zM1dn63Nww60IkdEuUM3kbdFJd3noAE0B2_khJx3U2NpzSaXA/s320/bagrote-fairi-lake+gilgit.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span></h3><br />
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<tr><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top">The former rulers had the title of <i>Ra</i>, and there is reason to suppose that they were at one time <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, but for the last five centuries and a half they have been <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammedans" title="Mohammedans">Mohammedans</a>. The names of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Ras have been lost, with the exception of the last of their number, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri" title="Shri">Shri</a> Buddutt. Tradition relates that he was killed by a Mohammedan adventurer, who married his daughter and founded a new dynasty, since called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakh%C3%A0n_Dynasty" title="Trakhàn Dynasty">Trakhàn</a>, from a celebrated Ra named Trakhan, who reigned about the commencement of the fourteenth century. The previous rulers—of whom Shri Buddutt was the last—were called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahreis" title="Shahreis">Shahreis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td></tr>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism_and_transport">Tourism and transport</span></h2>Gilgit city is one of the two major hubs for all mountaineering expeditions in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>. Almost all tourists headed for treks in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_Range" title="Himalaya Range">Himalaya Ranges</a> arrive at Gilgit first. Many tourists choose to travel to Gilgit by air, since the road travel between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> and Gilgit, by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a>, takes nearly 14–24 hours, whereas the air travel takes a mere 45–50<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivwvXta8_oA-bJIquROlSUHhGRO-khOxf-YE5BFy6dpNYabV-tp6Qi3VVc1l0Z9VanZT_1l3CPcqYIMsuZYtn7-xQBDnDIYba7DVF9FMDn39SLqhPRmjFjCHCo15QN5Hji5dFoNXpHn13a/s1600/naikoy_gilgit_galleryfull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivwvXta8_oA-bJIquROlSUHhGRO-khOxf-YE5BFy6dpNYabV-tp6Qi3VVc1l0Z9VanZT_1l3CPcqYIMsuZYtn7-xQBDnDIYba7DVF9FMDn39SLqhPRmjFjCHCo15QN5Hji5dFoNXpHn13a/s320/naikoy_gilgit_galleryfull.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Places_to_visit">Places to visit</span></h3>There are several tourist attractions relatively close to Gilgit: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltar_Valley" title="Naltar Valley">Naltar Valley</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltar_Peak" title="Naltar Peak">Naltar Peak</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_Valley" title="Nagar Valley">Nagar Valley</a>, Ferry Meadows in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raikot" title="Raikot">Raikot</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigar" title="Shigar">Shigar</a> town, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> city, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramosh_Peak" title="Haramosh Peak">Haramosh Peak</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Range" title="Karakoram Range">Karakoram Range</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrot-Haramosh_Valley" title="Bagrot-Haramosh Valley">Bagrot-Haramosh Valley</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deosai_National_Park" title="Deosai National Park">Deosai National Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_Valley" title="Astore Valley">Astore Valley</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Lake_%28Pakistan%29" title="Rama Lake (Pakistan)">Rama Lake</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglot" title="Juglot">Juglot</a> town, Phunder village, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Valley" title="Yasin Valley">Yasin Valley</a> and Kargah Valley.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw1bWhgtvhVkC92DbBOso22arbFBFTHDjt-H3edSakqgqqgl5YK1skKNsGoNeb93gRBibur01Geh3SgiS7u7A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-15745204304193181502011-05-31T08:19:00.000-07:002011-05-31T08:19:19.579-07:00Mohenjo-daro Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Mohenjo-daro</h1><b>Mohenjo-daro</b> (lit. <i>Mound of the Dead</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd">موئن جو دڙو</span>, pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA" title="Wikipedia:IPA">[muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ]</a></span> ), situated in the province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, was one of the largest city-settlements of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>. Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> settlements in the world, existing at the same time as the civilizations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. The archaeological ruins of the city are designated a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. It is sometimes referred to as "an ancient Indus valley metropolis"<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2egh9Kgt9T82BPeVqEs50k5VuiMvn4eFmn9epIpQan_DQTskj7dzHy2TOCCgI3O9J8hLdjeRx14pB140gYX712jJYlSxAsobAsAK2aqnzzyVLggYEZfM5xoIe3oiWvwiis0SrV_s0px1/s1600/mohenjo-daro+OLDER+pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2egh9Kgt9T82BPeVqEs50k5VuiMvn4eFmn9epIpQan_DQTskj7dzHy2TOCCgI3O9J8hLdjeRx14pB140gYX712jJYlSxAsobAsAK2aqnzzyVLggYEZfM5xoIe3oiWvwiis0SrV_s0px1/s320/mohenjo-daro+OLDER+pic.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rediscovery_and_excavation">Rediscovery and excavation</span></h2>Mohenjo-daro was built around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_century_BC" title="26th century BC">2600 BCE</a> and abandoned around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_BC" title="19th century BC">1500 BCE</a>. It was rediscovered in 1922 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhaldas_Bandyopadhyay" title="Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay">Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> an officer of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>. He was led to the mound by a Buddhist monk, who believed it to be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>. In the 1930s, massive excavations were conducted under the leadership of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_%28archaeologist%29" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a>, K. N. Dikshit, Ernest Mackay, and others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mohenjodaro.net_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> John Marshall's car, which was used by the site directors, is still in the Mohenjo-daro museum, showing their struggle and dedication to Mohenjo-daro. Further excavations were carried out in 1945 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Ahmad Hasan Dani</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a>.<br />
The last major excavations were conducted in 1964-65 by Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Dales" title="George F. Dales">George F. Dales</a>. After this date, excavations were banned due to damage done to the exposed structures by weathering. Since 1965, the only projects allowed at the site have been salvage excavation, surface surveys and conservation projects. Despite the ban on major archaeological projects, in the 1980s, teams of German and Italian survey groups, led by Dr. Michael Jansen and Dr. Maurizio Tosi, combined techniques such as architectural documentation, surface surveys, surface scraping and probing, to determine further clues about the ancient civilization.<br />
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<h3><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Location">Location</span></h3>Mohenjo-daro is located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan on a Pleistocene ridge in the middle of the flood plain of the Indus River Valley. The ridge is now buried by the flooding of the plains, but was prominent during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization. The ridge allowed the city to stand above the surrounding plain. The site occupies a central position between the Indus River valley on the west and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_river" title="Ghaggar-Hakra river">Ghaggar-Hakra river</a> on the east. The Indus still flows to the east of the site, but the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed is now dry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mohenjo-Daro_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-Mohenjo-Daro-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Anthropogenic construction over the years was precipitated by the need for more room. The ridge was expanded via giant mud brick platforms. Ultimately, the settlement grew to such proportions that some buildings reached 12 meters above the level of the modern plain, and therefore much higher than this above the ancient plain.<br />
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</span></h2>Mohenjo-daro in ancient times was most likely one of the largest cities of the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> It was the most developed and advanced city in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, during its peak. The planning and engineering showed the importance of the city to the people of the Indus valley.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> (c. 3300–1700 BCE, flowered 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverine" title="Riverine">riverine</a> civilization that flourished in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_river" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> valley (now Pakistan and northwest India). Another name for this civilization is the "Harappan Civilization" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> is another important IVC site to the north of Mohenjo-daro in Punjab).<br />
The Indus culture blossomed over the centuries and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, but suddenly went into decline around 1900 BCE. Indus Civilization settlements spread as far west as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> border, with an outpost in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, as far south as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> coast of western India in Gujarat. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and Mohenjo-daro, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a>.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanhudaro" title="Chanhudaro">Chanhudaro</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzAxd3tnPvORm85ej4nwxr_4leriWH2Jc1QZ241ByqrYRWAGrnkmTvh_T2X3-hdUjkj9MDO6XuTAtnqU_IrRg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-Mohenjo-Daro-3"><span></span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-2"><span></span></a>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-82922156175228717552011-05-30T08:18:00.000-07:002011-05-30T08:18:58.399-07:00Rawalakot Azad Kashmir pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Rawalakot</h1><b>Rawalakot</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur">راولا کوٹ</span>), is a city in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a>, and is the capital of Poonch Division and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_District" title="Poonch District">Poonch District</a>. It is in a saucer-shaped valley at an elevation of 1615 metres (5300 ft).<br />
Rawalakot is situated 76 kilometres (47 miles) from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohala,_Pakistan" title="Kohala, Pakistan">Kohala, Pakistan</a> and about 120 kilometres (84 miles) from the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>. It is linked with Rawalpindi and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> via Goyain Nala and Tayeen roads. It is also linked with Rawalpindi via <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhnuti" title="Sudhnuti">Sudhnuti</a>. Rawalakot is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71jKZmH5HCP8jyg_SV7qXRYvlvvhmoUdoYZ6BAQlZjqZw3JTMXWpg_WdLRQSOksgtCI7VSMBeG_IgPUuiQh9sUsXYzLp-XCjHEoQ4FijWA_CgdZX6_3NZln7NXn0PPx5CuF6XgDc4lU4g/s1600/rawalakot_galleryfull.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71jKZmH5HCP8jyg_SV7qXRYvlvvhmoUdoYZ6BAQlZjqZw3JTMXWpg_WdLRQSOksgtCI7VSMBeG_IgPUuiQh9sUsXYzLp-XCjHEoQ4FijWA_CgdZX6_3NZln7NXn0PPx5CuF6XgDc4lU4g/s320/rawalakot_galleryfull.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Location">Location</span></h2>Surrounding villages include: Singola Awanabad, Thorar, Mong, Androte, Rehara, Hurna Maira, Pothi, Khayi Gala, Kharick, Rairbun, {Topa Soon (Soon Topa 8 k/m from rawalakot.)}, Kaimon, Titrot, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motialmara" title="Motialmara">Motialmara</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trar_Dewan" title="Trar Dewan">Trar Dewan</a>, Chaire, Chapanidahar, Chuck, Tranni, Dahmni, Parat, Pothi Bala/Makwalan, Kharek, Pakgali, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniola" title="Paniola">Paniola</a>, Banakha, Khayt Chrian, Mohri Farman Shah, Dreak, Banjosa, Hussainkot, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurnamaira" title="Hurnamaira">Hurnamaira</a>, Thorar, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehara" title="Rehara">Rehara</a>, Bangoin, Jandala, Timrota, Thala Tain and Pachiot. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh_District" title="Bagh District">Bagh District</a> lies to the north and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhnuti" title="Sudhnuti">Sudhnuti District</a> lies to the south. The road passing through <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%28Jalooth%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="(Jalooth) (page does not exist)">(Jalooth)</a> Paniola connects Rawalakot to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh,_Kashmir" title="Bagh, Kashmir">Bagh</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a>. The Other road that passes through Mohri Farman Shah, Shuja Abad is the shortest path that connects Rawalakot city with Bagh. Toward the west are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree" title="Murree">Murree</a>, Islamabad and Rawalpindi regions of Pakistan. Rawalakot is linked with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotli" title="Kotli">Kotli</a>.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf_AHt7qL1h1r7k6u_WHWeYWPMWILpRrhABeni77K-VgdS3jzwJ3Snp6OrrgHmGn232fPDiMLG3T79vsq-l-si2qOvn1WErsKGezgSmdGVmSiSfiL7EM4zVrOPGg2xFnYmuFk3-QfjmL3j/s1600/Rawalakot+winter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf_AHt7qL1h1r7k6u_WHWeYWPMWILpRrhABeni77K-VgdS3jzwJ3Snp6OrrgHmGn232fPDiMLG3T79vsq-l-si2qOvn1WErsKGezgSmdGVmSiSfiL7EM4zVrOPGg2xFnYmuFk3-QfjmL3j/s1600/Rawalakot+winter.jpg" /></a></div><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h2>Average temperature during the summer varies from <span style="white-space: nowrap;">60 °F</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(16 °C)</span> to <span style="white-space: nowrap;">75 °F</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(24 °C)</span>. During the winter snowfall starts during the month of December and lasts through January. The rainy season lasts from April through June.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalakot#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
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</ul><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalakot_Airport" title="Rawalakot Airport">Rawalakot Airport</a> is non-operational, as there is no demand for the air service provided by Pakistan International Airlines. The airport has been closed since 1998.</li>
</ul><h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2>Rawalakot has no theatres; however, the university does have some cultural events.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h2>odges, government-owned and private guest houses, and hotels are available in different parts of Rawalakot. Attractions include: mountain-based adventure tourism, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekking" title="Trekking">trekking</a>, summer camping and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, water-based adventure tourism, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a>.<br />
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"> </h1>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276259768277942344.post-76154018215839052912011-05-29T08:04:00.000-07:002011-05-29T08:04:00.554-07:00Astore Valley Pakistan<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Astore Valley</h1><b>Astore Valley</b> (el. 2,600 m (8,500 ft)) is now located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_District" title="Astore District">Astore District</a> in the autonomous Pakistani regions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>,previously in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley, adjoining the eastern side of mountain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>, is about 120 km (75 mi) long, having area of 5,092 km<sup>2</sup> (1,966 sq mi).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
The entrance of the valley is located about 60 km southeast of Gilgit with four side-valleys. The valley has more than 100 villages with a total population of 71,666 (Census 1998)<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loas" title="Loas">Loas</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louze" title="Louze">Louze</a>, Chilm, Bubin, Gorikot, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parisheng&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Parisheng (page does not exist)">Parisheng</a> Eid Ghah, Fina, Bulen, Chongra, Tari Shing, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattu" title="Rattu">Rattu</a>, Kamri,and Minimerg. Chilm is the most beautiful village of Astore, being a starting point of Deosai, the world's second highest plateau. Rama lake and pastures are the most famous tourist attraction in the region. The majority of people practice subsistence agriculture and livestock is the main source of livelihood complemented by seasonal work in down districts of the country. Due to its diverse landscape and climatic conditions the valley provides excellent habitat for a variety of commercially important medicinal plants.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge8XU0K6D42EDZ9mOBDIUR4jIDaAXN4usjpTCVOLTWblmWums97Li-ZD27kSr5JvO961meLtEQaYkb5q7Wr8am-N_ElGeDbc4-xW3QTwiQOPDgkWu0-xEgReY_OMv68RCf3g7V9J-CZShI/s1600/greenty+of+astore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge8XU0K6D42EDZ9mOBDIUR4jIDaAXN4usjpTCVOLTWblmWums97Li-ZD27kSr5JvO961meLtEQaYkb5q7Wr8am-N_ElGeDbc4-xW3QTwiQOPDgkWu0-xEgReY_OMv68RCf3g7V9J-CZShI/s320/greenty+of+astore.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h2><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate"> </span>Astore valley has a moderate climate during summer. In winter it can snow up to 6 in (150 mm) in the main valleys and up to 2 to 3 ft (0.61 to 0.91 m) in the mountains. In Mirmalik valley it snows up to 6 ft (1.8 m) in February.</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKCeKcsLzBqqvjFEYH4Ilb7FhxWaVNpAujf74Idw_7v5Gs-XgN8BgVdOTlQLB0MPigEDPPten78UJCECyzPf7xRXbFs5DG24S_R2-pR3NQ6bWKNtToUr5tyuwLwfRsshFzUwdq1SJ5juBJ/s1600/hills+in+astore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKCeKcsLzBqqvjFEYH4Ilb7FhxWaVNpAujf74Idw_7v5Gs-XgN8BgVdOTlQLB0MPigEDPPten78UJCECyzPf7xRXbFs5DG24S_R2-pR3NQ6bWKNtToUr5tyuwLwfRsshFzUwdq1SJ5juBJ/s320/hills+in+astore.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVZk2cEiqpgQAl71L3xtAaK1bDMxxwLJ5t7QRYHDB7lwv0AXjjRybx9SJEXq4KEb1HoiJTtnF9TF4ZPY6gNJ7qG-bYFg1MccwkPA0IQYoFIO42aWUhJ5jMx_o5UD3DC6HEkWZERZskRMXc/s1600/travel+pic+of+astore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVZk2cEiqpgQAl71L3xtAaK1bDMxxwLJ5t7QRYHDB7lwv0AXjjRybx9SJEXq4KEb1HoiJTtnF9TF4ZPY6gNJ7qG-bYFg1MccwkPA0IQYoFIO42aWUhJ5jMx_o5UD3DC6HEkWZERZskRMXc/s320/travel+pic+of+astore.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>Ghāzī Mukhpun, a Persian adventurer, is said to have married a princess of the Skārdu reigning family. The four sons born of this union became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Rās</a> of Skārdu, Astor, Rondu, and Kharmang respectively, and from them are descended the families of the present chiefs of those places. The independence of Astor ceased at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogra" title="Dogra">Dogra</a> conquest.<br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span></h2><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages"> </span>The main language spoken in the valley is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, which is the national language of Pakistan, is the second most frequently spoken language. Shina has many sub-dialects especially significant in Bunji, Dashkin, Doyan, Praishing, Gorikot, across the Burzil and Rattu regions. Shina is mild phonetically and uses the Arabic script. Poetry is not recorded, rather it is transmitted via folk songs and part of stories narrated by folk singers and artisans. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore" title="Astore">Astore</a>, a corridor to Dardistan, has a rich linguistic background due to its centuries old connections with the rest of the Indian subcontinent. People living in this region were frequent visitors to India for trade and education and had access to the maharajas' royal courts. British officers visiting and surveying led to an admixture of foreign words in the local language.</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz0958xglAPtYGtkITkarLYV6TDbObImrcp9Eh11Frgq9V46SpjyHcHNJWh-DG0w7Fn1D9SwhMJVAuhEGGrSQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><h2><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h2><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_Valley#cite_note-0"><span></span></a>JAHANGIR HUSSAINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08398071807700003998noreply@blogger.com0